This longitudinal study aimed to evaluate qualitative (parosmia) and quantitative (hyposmia/anosmia) olfaction 2–4 weeks (baseline) and 6 months (follow-up) after a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). We further evaluated the predictive value of baseline depression, anxiety, and olfaction scores on depression and anxiety at follow-up. At baseline, olfactory function and affective state were assessed in 107 participants (53 patients with mTBI; 54 healthy controls). At follow-up, data were collected on 71 participants (32 patients and 39 controls). Both at baseline and follow-up, patients with mTBI showed more signs of parosmia, depression, and anxiety compared with controls. However, patients did not, neither at baseline nor follow-up, show quantitative olfactory impairment. Moreover, although baseline scores of depression and anxiety helped predict the development of symptoms of depression and anxiety at follow-up, adding parosmia scores to the prediction model significantly increased the amount of explained variances. Clinicians should implement affective and olfactory evaluation to predict patients’ affective outcome.

中文翻译：

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早期嗅觉异常症状和情感状态可预测轻度创伤性脑损伤六个月后的抑郁和焦虑症状。


这项纵向研究旨在评估轻度创伤性脑损伤 (mTBI) 后 2-4 周（基线）和 6 个月（随访）的定性（嗅觉异常）和定量（嗅觉减退/嗅觉缺失）嗅觉。我们进一步评估了基线抑郁、焦虑和嗅觉评分对随访时抑郁和焦虑的预测价值。在基线时，对 107 名参与者（53 名 mTBI 患者；54 名健康对照）的嗅觉功能和情感状态进行了评估。随访时，收集了 71 名参与者（32 名患者和 39 名对照者）的数据。在基线和随访中，与对照组相比，mTBI 患者表现出更多的嗅觉异常、抑郁和焦虑症状。然而，无论是在基线还是随访时，患者都没有表现出定量嗅觉障碍。此外，尽管抑郁和焦虑的基线评分有助于预测随访时抑郁和焦虑症状的发展，但将嗅觉异常评分添加到预测模型中会显着增加解释的方差量。临床医生应实施情感和嗅觉评估来预测患者的情感结果。