The question of the origin of petals has long been debated in the botanical literature. Ranunculales are characterized by a spectacular floral diversity, particularly at the perianth level. Recent progress in understanding the genetic bases of floral organ identity suggests a single origin for petals in Ranunculaceae, contrasting with the traditional morphological hypothesis of repeated evolution. However, perianth evolution at the ordinal level remains incompletely understood. Recent advances in the elucidation of phylogenetic relationships in the order now provide a new opportunity to study character evolution with model-based methods. We used ancestral state reconstruction methods that take into account various sources of uncertainty to reconstruct the evolution of floral traits at the scale of Ranunculales using a consensus phylogenetic framework of 144 terminal species representing all families in the order. Ancestrally, Ranunculales probably had three trimerous whorls of perianth organs differentiated into two categories of petaloid organs differing in their shape. Each whorl was further lost or duplicated. Moreover, our results support the hypothesis of a single origin of highly specialized (elaborate) nectariferous petals in Ranunculaceae.

中文翻译：

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深入了解毛an的祖花

花瓣起源的问题在植物学文献中一直存在争议。毛unc的特点是花香丰富，特别是在花被水平上。在了解花器官身份的遗传基础方面的最新进展表明，毛an科的花瓣起源单一，这与重复进化的传统形态学假设相反。但是，花序在花序水平上的进化仍未完全了解。在阐明系统发育关系方面的最新进展现在为利用基于模型的方法研究字符进化提供了新的机会。我们使用祖先状态重建方法，该方法考虑了各种不确定性源，使用顺序排列的代表所有科的144个末端物种的共有系统发育框架，重建了毛unc花尺度上花性状的进化。顺带说一下，毛unc科可能具有三个花被器官的三毛轮状，分为两类形状不同的花瓣状器官。每个螺纹进一步丢失或重复。此外，我们的结果支持毛R科高度专业化（精心制作）的油桃花瓣单一起源的假说。每个螺纹进一步丢失或重复。此外，我们的结果支持毛R科高度专业化（精心制作）的油桃花瓣单一起源的假说。每个螺纹进一步丢失或重复。此外，我们的结果支持毛R科高度专业化（精心制作）的油桃花瓣单一起源的假说。