Research Highlights: This study, based on the first collection of cultivated Paeonia rockii (flare tree peony, FTP) germplasm across the main distribution area by our breeding desires, comprehensively evaluates these accessions by using phenotypic traits, expressed sequence tag (EST)-simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and chloroplast DNA sequences (cpDNA). The results show that these accessions collected selectively by us can represent the genetic background information of FTP as a germplasm of tree crops. Background and Objectives: FTP has high cultural, ornamental and medicinal value traditionally, as well as recently presenting a significance as an emerging edible oil with high α-linolenic acid contents in the seeds. The objectives of this study are to reveal the characteristics of the genetic diversity of FTP, as well as to provide scientific suggestions for the utilization of tree peony breeding and the conservation of germplasm resource. Materials and Methods: Based on the phenotypic traits, EST-SSR markers and chloroplast DNA sequence variation, we studied the diversity of a newly established population of 282 FTP accessions that were collected and propagated by ourselves in our breeding project in recent years. Results: (1) There was an abundant variation in phenotype of the accessions, and the phenotypic variation was evenly distributed within the population, without significant hierarchical structure, (2) the EST-SSR data showed that these 282 accessions had relatively high genetic diversity, in which a total of 185 alleles were detected in 34 pairs of primers. The 282 accessions were divided into three distinct groups, and (3) the chloroplast DNA sequences (cpDNA) data indicated that these accessions had a higher genetic diversity than the population level and a lower genetic diversity than the species level of wild P. rockii, and the existing spatial genetic structure of these accessions can be divided into two branches. Conclusions: From the results of the three analyses, we found that these accessions can fully reflect the genetic background information of FTP germplasm resources, so their protection and utilization will be of great significance for genetic improvement of woody peonies.

中文翻译：

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表型性状，EST-SSR标记和叶绿体DNA序列揭示的rock药牡丹种质资源遗传多样性

研究重点：该研究基于栽培的Pa药的第一批收藏根据我们的繁殖意愿，在主要分布区域内种植（火炬牡丹，FTP）种质，利用表型性状，表达序列标签（EST）-简单序列重复（SSR）标记和叶绿体DNA序列（cpDNA）全面评估这些种质。结果表明，我们选择性地收集到的这些种质可以代表FTP作为林木种质的遗传背景信息。背景与目的：FTP传统上具有较高的文化，观赏和医学价值，最近作为种子中具有高α-亚麻酸含量的新兴食用油也具有重要意义。这项研究的目的是揭示FTP遗传多样性的特征，并为利用牡丹育种和保护种质资源提供科学建议。材料与方法：基于表型特征，EST-SSR标记和叶绿体DNA序列变异，我们研究了近年来在我们的育种项目中由我们自己收集和传播的新建立的282个FTP种群的多样性。结果： （1）种质表型差异较大，表型变异均匀分布在种群内，没有明显的层次结构;（2）EST-SSR数据表明，这282个种质具有较高的遗传多样性。在34对引物中共检测到185个等位基因。282个登录号分为三个不同的组，（3）叶绿体DNA序列（cpDNA）数据表明，这些登录号的遗传多样性高于种群水平，而遗传多样性低于野生假山梨的物种水平。这些种质的现有空间遗传结构可以分为两个分支。结论：从这三项分析的结果来看，这些种质可以充分反映FTP种质资源的遗传背景信息，因此其保护和利用对木牡丹遗传改良具有重要意义。