1 BIBLIOGRAPHY: AN INTRODUCTION

Louis Bernatchez has been the Editor‐in‐Chief of Evolutionary Applications since the beginning of the journal in 2008, and he celebrated his 60th birthday on May 2019. For this occasion, Evolutionary Applications has produced a Special Issue to celebrate his accomplishments in applying evolutionary concepts to diverse fields (e.g. wildlife management, medicine, agriculture, aquaculture, forestry, conservation, environmental sciences, microbiology and toxicology) and for his far‐reaching influence on people. The Special Issue features 25 papers that have been authored by 35 former students and postdocs trained in Louis’ research group at Université Laval in Québec, Canada. These alumni together showcase Louis’ wide and diverse impact on raising the next generation of scientists, not merely from a scientific point of view, but also as a mentor, who took great care of the future of his students who were about to take the next step in their career.

Louis was born in 1960 into a family of three children, as the youngest child. He was raised alongside his two older sisters in the small 150‐people community of Lac‐Frontière in Québec, in the St. John River woodland on the border of Maine, USA, where the days were spent outdoors observing nature and going hunting and fishing (Figure 1). At that time, no one could have imagined that this child from the remote countryside would end up in the halls of academia and would pioneer new fields of science. Unlike for some of us, Louis’ path into academia was not inspired by social influences but rather came from a strong and deep connection with nature, something that always stayed with him throughout his career. At the age of 12, Louis remembers, he already knew that he wanted to work as a biologist.

He registered at the Université Laval in Québec and ticked Biology as the only option, not giving any thoughts to secondary choices. He was selected and studied Biology towards a BSc degree. At this time, Louis’ scientific interest in fish was still relatively dormant (other than angling for them!), but this interest grew after his first summer university job working on a research project on migratory movement of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis ) in a remote ecological reserve in Québec. His second summer university job brought him to the Cree community of Eastmain, along the eastern coast of James Bay, Québec, where he monitored fish populations that were impacted by a hydropower dam development. Louis spent a total of 11 months among the Cree community of Eastmain. Indeed, after his third undergraduate year at San José State, California, he began an MSc degree, supervised by Prof. Julian Dodson, still working in the Cree community on a project to compare the energetic cost of reproductive migration between anadromous Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis ) and Cisco (C. artedii ) combining telemetry and respirometry (Bernatchez & Dodson, 1985; Dodson, Lambert, & Bernatchez, 1985). His work on whitefish migration stimulated him to publish a meta‐analysis to investigate the general relationship between bioenergetics and behaviour in anadromous fish migrations (Bernatchez & Dodson, 1987). This first encounter with whitefish turned out to become a lifelong love story for Louis, and he devoted 30 years of his career to the pursuit of understanding adaptive divergence in the sympatric Lake Whitefish species pairs. After his MSc degree, he took an academic break and moved to Laniel, another remote community in western Québec wilderness, to help launch a project to harvest whitefish commercially, which led to the setup of a local start‐up for the production of whitefish caviar! He found himself living among 65 other people, a place even smaller than his childhood community of Lac‐Frontière, something he never imagined would happen. It was at around this time that Louis had made a decision, and that was to become a researcher specializing in fish biology. It is also during that time that he developed his interest for fish photography which led to the publication of the Guide to Freshwater Fishes of Québec and Eastern Canada (Bernatchez & Giroux, 1991).

In 1990, he obtained his PhD degree co‐supervised by Prof. Dodson and Dr Dominick Pallotta, where he was tasked with studying the genetic population structure, once more on coregonine fishes. Louis saw a great deal of creative room in this project and twisted the focus of the project to one that looked into large‐scale phylogeography in these early days of this exciting new discipline of research founded by Prof. John Avise of whom he quickly became a big fan and inspired his work during many years (Avise et al., 1987). After his PhD, he was a postdoc at the Université of Montpellier II in France, in the laboratory of Prof. François Bonhomme, and from 1991 to 1992 a postdoc at the University of Guelph in Canada, collaborating with Profs Moira Ferguson and Roy Danzmann. After these research stays, he returned closer to home again and moved from 1992 to 1995 to the Université du Québec as a Research Associate and subsequently Assistant Professor at the Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS). Finally, in 1995 he was offered a position at Université of Laval to carry on with his curriculum and became full professor in 2004. Since 2001, he has been the holder of a Canadian Research Chair in Genomics and Conservation of Aquatic Resources. During those years, he has been a visiting research fellow at the University of Brisbane in Australia working with Prof. Craig Moritz (2000–2001), the University of Konstanz in Germany where he was hosted by Prof. Axel Meyer (2002), and then Flinders University in Adelaide (Australia) to work on a long‐term collaborative project with Prof. Luciano Beheregaray and University of British Columbia (Vancouver) with Prof. Eric Taylor in 2017.

During these moves and visits, he managed to stay extremely productive, in both his private and his professional life. He started a family and raised four children who would come along on some of his journeys, for example to Australia, where they shared their time between downtown Brisbane and a beach house lent by Prof. Moritz. He has also contributed immensely to the growth of new disciplines in science. Most notably, Louis has been an early pioneer of phylogeography, and in applying functional genomics to the study of nonmodel organisms. He was also among the very first researchers in the field to stress the importance and benefits of integrating the use of molecular genetics and ecology in studying the processes of adaptive divergence and speciation (Bernatchez, Chouinard, & Lu., 1999). He has also championed the field of population genomics and the integration of genomic, transcriptomic and epigenomic data into a holistic framework alongside ecological, physiological, life‐history and population historical components of adaptation. While fish are his passion, he has not shied away from venturing further, to study other organisms, including many invertebrates, birds and mammals, from oyster, albatross to moose! Overall, Louis’ passion and dedication to understanding biodiversity, most notably, the process of how one species can split into ecotypes and with time into species, and the genetic conservation of aquatic resources, has significantly advanced these fields. Not surprisingly, many scholars in these fields now associate the notions of ecotype divergence, genetic health and evolutionary adaptive potential with his achievements in these areas.

Louis has received numerous honours for his contributions to the scientific advancements of manifold fields. In addition to his Canadian Research Chair, some highlights include the E.W.R. Steacie Award from NSERC (2002), being elected as a member of the Royal Society of Canada (2011) and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2011), the Prix du Québec, Marie‐Victorin (2012) and invited membership of Faculty Row's Super Professors (2013). In 2016, he was also awarded the Molecular Ecology Prize and selected into the Hall of Excellence, Genetics Section, of the American Fisheries Society (Hansen & Rogers, 2017).

中文翻译：

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从树林到科学殿堂：路易斯·伯纳奇对科学、野生动物保护和人类的贡献。

1 参考书目：简介

Louis Bernatchez 自 2008 年该期刊创刊以来一直担任《进化应用》的主编，并于 2019 年 5 月庆祝了他的 60 岁生日。为此， 《进化应用》特刊了一个特刊，以庆祝他在应用进化论方面取得的成就。他将概念扩展到不同领域（例如野生动物管理、医学、农业、水产养殖、林业、保护、环境科学、微生物学和毒理学）以及对人们的深远影响。该特刊收录了 25 篇论文，由加拿大魁北克大学拉瓦尔大学路易斯研究小组的 35 名前学生和博士后撰写。这些校友共同展示了路易斯对培养下一代科学家的广泛而多样的影响，不仅从科学的角度来看，而且作为一名导师，他非常关心即将接受下一代科学家的学生的未来。在他们的职业生涯中迈出一步。

路易斯于 1960 年出生在一个有三个孩子的家庭中，是最小的孩子。他和他的两个姐姐一起在魁北克省 Lac-Frontière 一个 150 人的小社区长大，该社区位于美国缅因州边境的圣约翰河林地，在那里，他每天都在户外观察自然、打猎和钓鱼。 （图1）。当时谁也没有想到，这个来自偏远农村的孩子最终会登上学术殿堂，开创新的科学领域。与我们中的一些人不同，路易斯进入学术界的灵感并不是受到社会影响，而是来自于与自然的强烈而深厚的联系，这种联系在他的整个职业生涯中始终伴随着他。路易斯记得，12 岁时，他就知道自己想成为一名生物学家。

他在魁北克拉瓦尔大学注册，并将生物学列为唯一选择，没有考虑第二选择。他被选中并学习生物学并获得理学学士学位。此时，路易斯对鱼类的科学兴趣仍处于相对休眠状态（除了钓鱼！），但这种兴趣在他第一份暑期大学工作后开始增长，他在一个关于布鲁克鳟鱼（ Salvelinus fontinalis ）迁徙运动的研究项目中工作。魁北克偏远生态保护区。他的第二份暑期大学工作把他带到了魁北克詹姆斯湾东海岸的伊斯特曼克里族社区，在那里他监测了受水电大坝开发影响的鱼类种群。路易斯在伊斯特曼的克里族社区中总共度过了 11 个月。事实上，在加利福尼亚州圣何塞州立大学完成本科三年级后，他在朱利安·多德森 (Julian Dodson) 教授的指导下开始攻读硕士学位，当时他仍在克里族社区从事一个项目，比较溯河产卵的白鱼湖 ( Coregonus ) 之间生殖迁徙的能量成本。 clupeaformis ）和 Cisco（ C. artedii ）结合了遥测和呼吸测量（Bernatchez & Dodson， 1985 ；Dodson、Lambert 和 Bernatchez， 1985 ）。他对白鲑迁徙的研究促使他发表了一项荟萃分析，以研究溯河产卵鱼类迁徙中生物能量学和行为之间的一般关系（Bernatchez & Dodson， 1987 ）。与白鱼的第一次邂逅成为了路易斯一生的爱情故事，他将自己 30 年的职业生涯奉献给了理解同域白鱼湖物种对的适应性分化。 获得硕士学位后，他进行了一次学术休息，搬到了魁北克西部荒野的另一个偏远社区拉尼尔，帮助启动一个商业捕捞白鲑鱼的项目，最终在当地成立了一家生产白鲑鱼子酱的初创企业！他发现自己生活在另外 65 个人中间，这个地方甚至比他童年所在的 Lac-Frontière 社区还要小，这是他从未想象过的事情会发生。也就在这个时候，路易斯做出了一个决定，那就是成为一名专门研究鱼类生物学的研究员。也正是在那段时间，他对鱼类摄影产生了兴趣，并出版了《魁北克和加拿大东部淡水鱼类指南》（Bernatchez & Giroux， 1991 ）。

1990 年，他在 Dodson 教授和 Dominick Pallotta 博士的共同指导下获得了博士学位，他的任务是研究遗传群体结构，再次是针对 coregonine 鱼类。路易斯在这个项目中看到了很大的创意空间，并将该项目的重点转向了在约翰·阿维斯教授创立的这一令人兴奋的新学科的早期阶段对大规模系统发育地理学的研究，他很快就成为了约翰·阿维斯教授的一员。是他的忠实粉丝，并多年来激发了他的工作灵感（Avise 等人， 1987 ）。获得博士学位后，他在法国蒙彼利埃第二大学 François Bonhomme 教授的实验室担任博士后，并于 1991 年至 1992 年在加拿大圭尔夫大学与 Moira Ferguson 和 Roy Danzmann 教授合作担任博士后。在这些研究停留之后，他再次回到离家较近的地方，并于 1992 年至 1995 年移居魁北克大学，担任助理研究员，随后在国家科学研究所 (INRS) 担任助理教授。最后，1995 年，他在拉瓦尔大学获得了一个职位，继续完成他的课程，并于 2004 年成为正教授。自 2001 年以来，他一直担任加拿大基因组学和水生资源保护研究主席。在此期间，他曾作为客座研究员在澳大利亚布里斯班大学与 Craig Moritz 教授合作（2000-2001 年）、德国康斯坦茨大学，并受到 Axel Meyer 教授（2002 年）的接待，以及随后于 2017 年前往阿德莱德弗林德斯大学（澳大利亚）与 Luciano Beheregaray 教授以及英属哥伦比亚大学（温哥华）与 Eric Taylor 教授开展长期合作项目。

在这些搬家和访问期间，他在私人生活和职业生活中都保持了极高的生产力。他组建了家庭，抚养了四个孩子，这些孩子会陪伴他的一些旅程，例如去澳大利亚，他们在布里斯班市中心和莫里茨教授借用的海滨别墅之间度过时光。他还为科学新学科的发展做出了巨大贡献。最值得注意的是，路易斯是系统发育地理学的早期先驱，并将功能基因组学应用于非模式生物的研究。他也是该领域最早强调整合分子遗传学和生态学在研究适应性分化和物种形成过程中的重要性和益处的研究人员之一（Bernatchez, Chouinard, & Lu., 1999 ）。他还倡导群体基因组学领域，并将基因组、转录组和表观基因组数据与适应的生态、生理、生活史和群体历史组成部分整合到一个整体框架中。虽然鱼类是他的爱好，但他并不回避进一步冒险，研究其他生物，包括许多无脊椎动物、鸟类和哺乳动物，从牡蛎、信天翁到驼鹿！总体而言，路易斯对了解生物多样性的热情和奉献精神，特别是了解一个物种如何分裂成生态型并随着时间的推移分裂成物种的过程，以及水生资源的遗传保护，极大地推进了这些领域的发展。毫不奇怪，这些领域的许多学者现在将生态型分歧、遗传健康和进化适应潜力的概念与他在这些领域的成就联系起来。

路易斯因其对多个领域的科学进步的贡献而获得了无数荣誉。除了担任加拿大研究主席外，他的一些亮点还包括 NSERC 颁发的 EWR Steacie 奖（2002 年）、当选为加拿大皇家学会会员（2011 年）和美国科学促进会会员（2011 年） 、魁北克大奖赛，Marie-Vi​​ctorin（2012 年）以及Faculty Row 超级教授受邀会员（2013 年）。 2016年，他还获得了分子生态学奖，并入选美国渔业协会遗传学部卓越殿堂（Hansen & Rogers， 2017 ）。