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Mechanisms and evidence of vertical transmission of infections in pregnancy including SARS-CoV-2.
Prenatal Diagnosis ( IF 2.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-12 , DOI: 10.1002/pd.5765
A P Mahyuddin,A Kanneganti,Jlj Wong,P Sharma Dimri,L L Su,A Biswas,S E Illanes,Cnz Mattar,Ry-J Huang,M Choolani

There remain unanswered questions concerning mother‐to‐child‐transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2. Despite reports of neonatal COVID‐19, SARS‐CoV‐2 has not been consistently isolated in perinatal samples, thus definitive proof of transplacental infection is still lacking. To address these questions, we assessed investigative tools used to confirm maternal‐fetal infection and known protective mechanisms of the placental barrier that prevent transplacental pathogen migration. Forty studies of COVID‐19 pregnancies reviewed suggest a lack of consensus on diagnostic strategy for congenital infection. Although real‐time polymerase chain reaction of neonatal swabs was universally performed, a wide range of clinical samples was screened including vaginal secretions (22.5%), amniotic fluid (35%), breast milk (22.5%) and umbilical cord blood. Neonatal COVID‐19 was reported in eight studies, two of which were based on the detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM in neonatal blood. Histological examination demonstrated sparse viral particles, vascular malperfusion and inflammation in the placenta from pregnant women with COVID‐19. The paucity of placental co‐expression of ACE‐2 and TMPRSS2, two receptors involved in cytoplasmic entry of SARS‐CoV‐2, may explain its relative insensitivity to transplacental infection. Viral interactions may utilise membrane receptors other than ACE‐2 thus, tissue susceptibility may be broader than currently known. Further spatial‐temporal studies are needed to determine the true potential for transplacental migration.

中文翻译:

包括 SARS-CoV-2 在内的妊娠期感染垂直传播的机制和证据。

关于 SARS-CoV-2 母婴传播的问题仍有待解决。尽管有新生儿 COVID-19 的报道,但 SARS-CoV-2 并未始终如一地在围产期样本中分离出来,因此仍缺乏经胎盘感染的确切证据。为了解决这些问题,我们评估了用于确认母胎感染的调查工具和已知的防止跨胎盘病原体迁移的胎盘屏障保护机制。回顾了对 COVID-19 妊娠的 40 项研究,表明对先天性感染的诊断策略缺乏共识。虽然新生儿拭子的实时聚合酶链反应已普遍进行,但筛查的临床样本范围很广,包括阴道分泌物(22.5%)、羊水(35%)、母乳(22.5%)和脐带血。八项研究报告了新生儿 COVID-19,其中两项是基于对新生儿血液中 SARS-CoV-2 IgM 的检测。组织学检查显示 COVID-19 孕妇胎盘中有稀疏的病毒颗粒、血管灌注不良和炎症。ACE-2 和 TMPRSS2 这两种参与 SARS-CoV-2 进入细胞质的受体缺乏胎盘共表达,这可能解释了其对经胎盘感染的相对不敏感性。病毒相互作用可能利用 ACE-2 以外的膜受体,因此,组织易感性可能比目前已知的更广泛。需要进一步的时空研究来确定跨胎盘迁移的真正潜力。组织学检查显示 COVID-19 孕妇胎盘中有稀疏的病毒颗粒、血管灌注不良和炎症。ACE-2 和 TMPRSS2 这两种参与 SARS-CoV-2 进入细胞质的受体缺乏胎盘共表达,这可能解释了其对经胎盘感染的相对不敏感性。病毒相互作用可能利用 ACE-2 以外的膜受体,因此,组织易感性可能比目前已知的更广泛。需要进一步的时空研究来确定跨胎盘迁移的真正潜力。组织学检查显示 COVID-19 孕妇胎盘中有稀疏的病毒颗粒、血管灌注不良和炎症。ACE-2 和 TMPRSS2 这两种参与 SARS-CoV-2 进入细胞质的受体缺乏胎盘共表达,这可能解释了其对经胎盘感染的相对不敏感性。病毒相互作用可能利用 ACE-2 以外的膜受体,因此,组织易感性可能比目前已知的更广泛。需要进一步的时空研究来确定跨胎盘迁移的真正潜力。可以解释其对经胎盘感染的相对不敏感性。病毒相互作用可能利用 ACE-2 以外的膜受体,因此,组织易感性可能比目前已知的更广泛。需要进一步的时空研究来确定跨胎盘迁移的真正潜力。可以解释其对经胎盘感染的相对不敏感性。病毒相互作用可能利用 ACE-2 以外的膜受体,因此,组织易感性可能比目前已知的更广泛。需要进一步的时空研究来确定跨胎盘迁移的真正潜力。
更新日期:2020-06-12
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