Nanofibers have attracted extensive attention and been applied in various fields due to their high aspect ratio, high specific surface area, flexibility, structural abundance, etc. The electrospinning method is one of the most promising and effective ways to produce nanofibers. The electrospun nanofibers-based films and membranes have already been demonstrated to possess small pore sizes, larges specific surface area, and can be grafted with different functionalities to adapt to various purposes. The environmental applications of nanofibers are one of the essential application fields, and great achievements have been made in this field. To well summarize the development of nanofibers and their environmental applications, we review the nanofiber fabrication methods, advanced fiber structures, and their applications in the field of air filtration, heavy metal removal, and self-cleaning surface. We hope this review and summary can provide readers a comprehensive understanding of the structural design and environmental applications of electrospun nanofibers.

纳米纤维以其高纵横比、高比表面积、柔韧性、结构丰富性等特点受到广泛关注并在各个领域得到应用. 静电纺丝方法是生产纳米纤维最有前途和最有效的方法之一。基于电纺纳米纤维的薄膜和隔膜已被证明具有小孔径、大比表面积，并且可以接枝不同的功能以适应各种用途。纳米纤维的环境应用是其重要的应用领域之一，并在该领域取得了很大的成就。为了很好地总结纳米纤维的发展及其环境应用，我们回顾了纳米纤维的制造方法、先进的纤维结构及其在空气过滤、重金属去除和自清洁表面领域的应用。