A diverse range of chemicals are used in agriculture to increase food production on a large scale, and among them is the use of pesticides such as chlorothalonil, a broad-spectrum fungicide used in the control of foliar fungal diseases. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of chlorothalonil on biochemical biomarkers of oxidative stress in tissues of the fish Danio rerio. To achieve this, animals were exposed for 4 and 7 days, to nominal concentrations of chlorothalonil at 0 μg/L (DMSO, 0.001%), 0.1 μg/L and 10 μg/L, and after the exposure period, the tissues (gills and liver) were removed for biochemical analysis. Antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP) and enzyme activities, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), were evaluated in both tissues. In addition, the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were also analysed. A significant increase in ROS concentration, ACAP levels, GST and GCL activities and a significant reduction of LPO levels in gills exposed to the highest concentration were observed after 4 days. However, there was a significant reduction of ACAP and CAT activity, as well as a significant increase of GST activity and LPO levels in gills exposed to the lower concentration after 7 days. The liver was less affected, presenting a significant reduction in CAT activity and LPO levels after 4 days. However, a significant increase in SOD activity and LPO levels occurred after 7 days. These results indicate that chlorothalonil, after 4 days, caused activation of the antioxidant defence system in gills of animals exposed to the highest concentration. However, after 7 days, the lowest concentration of this compound caused oxidative stress in this same organ. Also, the results show that gills were more affected than the liver, probably because gills can be involved in chlorothalonil metabolisation. Therefore, it is possible that the liver could be exposed to lower chlorothalonil concentrations or less toxic metabolites due to the metabolism taking place in the gills.

农业中使用了多种化学品来大规模提高粮食产量，其中包括使用杀虫剂如百菌清（chlorthalonil），这是一种广谱杀真菌剂，可用于控制叶真菌病。本研究旨在阐明百菌清对鱼类Danio rerio组织中氧化应激的生化生物标志物的影响。为此，将动物暴露于4到7天，暴露于百菌清的标称浓度为0μg/ L（DMSO，0.001％），0.1μg/ L和10μg/ L，暴露后，组织（g和肝脏）进行生化分析。抗过氧自由基（ACAP）和酶活性（例如超氧化物歧化酶（SOD），过氧化氢酶（CAT），谷胱甘肽S）的抗氧化能力在两个组织中均评估了β-转移酶（GST）和谷氨酸半胱氨酸连接酶（GCL）。此外，还分析了活性氧（ROS），还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）和脂质过氧化（LPO）的浓度。4天后，观察到暴露于最高浓度的ill中ROS浓度，ACAP水平，GST和GCL活性显着增加，LPO水平显着降低。然而，暴露于较低浓度的g在7天后，ACAP和CAT活性显着降低，GST活性和LPO水平显着提高。肝脏受影响较小，在4天后CAT活性和LPO水平显着降低。但是，7天后SOD活性和LPO水平显着增加。这些结果表明百菌清四天后引起暴露于最高浓度的动物g中抗氧化防御系统的活化。但是，在7天后，该化合物的最低浓度在同一器官中引起氧化应激。同样，结果表明g比肝脏受到的影响更大，这可能是因为g可能参与百菌清的代谢。因此，由于the中发生的新陈代谢，肝脏有可能暴露于较低百菌清浓度或毒性较低的代谢产物中。结果表明g比肝脏受到的影响更大，这可能是因为g可能参与百菌清的代谢。因此，由于the中发生的新陈代谢，肝脏有可能暴露于较低百菌清浓度或毒性较低的代谢产物中。结果表明g比肝脏受到的影响更大，这可能是因为g可能参与百菌清的代谢。因此，由于the中发生的新陈代谢，肝脏可能暴露于较低百菌清浓度或毒性较低的代谢产物中。