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Efficient Single-Photon Detection with 7.7 ps Time Resolution for Photon-Correlation Measurements
ACS Photonics ( IF 6.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-10 , DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.0c00433 Iman Esmaeil Zadeh 1 , Johannes W. N. Los 1 , Ronan B. M. Gourgues 1 , Jin Chang , Ali W. Elshaari 2 , Julien Romain Zichi 2 , Yuri J. van Staaden , Jeroen P. E. Swens , Nima Kalhor 1 , Antonio Guardiani 1 , Yun Meng 3, 4 , Kai Zou 3, 4 , Sergiy Dobrovolskiy 1 , Andreas W. Fognini 1 , Dennis R. Schaart , Dan Dalacu 5 , Philip J. Poole 5 , Michael E. Reimer 6 , Xiaolong Hu 3, 4 , Silvania F. Pereira , Val Zwiller 1, 2 , Sander N. Dorenbos 1
ACS Photonics ( IF 6.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-10 , DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.0c00433 Iman Esmaeil Zadeh 1 , Johannes W. N. Los 1 , Ronan B. M. Gourgues 1 , Jin Chang , Ali W. Elshaari 2 , Julien Romain Zichi 2 , Yuri J. van Staaden , Jeroen P. E. Swens , Nima Kalhor 1 , Antonio Guardiani 1 , Yun Meng 3, 4 , Kai Zou 3, 4 , Sergiy Dobrovolskiy 1 , Andreas W. Fognini 1 , Dennis R. Schaart , Dan Dalacu 5 , Philip J. Poole 5 , Michael E. Reimer 6 , Xiaolong Hu 3, 4 , Silvania F. Pereira , Val Zwiller 1, 2 , Sander N. Dorenbos 1
Affiliation
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A broad range of scientific and industrial disciplines require precise optical measurements at very low light levels. Single-photon detectors combining high efficiency and high time resolution are pivotal in such experiments. By using relatively thick films of NbTiN (8–11 nm) and improving the pattern fidelity of the nanostructure of the superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPD), we fabricated devices demonstrating superior performance over all previously reported detectors in the combination of efficiency and time resolution. Our findings prove that small variations in the nanowire width, in the order of a few nanometers, can lead to a significant penalty on their temporal response. Addressing these issues, we consistently achieved high time resolution (best device 7.7 ps, other devices ∼10–16 ps) simultaneously with high system detection efficiencies (80–90%) in the wavelength range of 780–1000 nm, as well as in the telecom bands (1310–1550 nm). The use of thicker films allowed us to fabricate large-area multipixel devices with homogeneous pixel performance. We first fabricated and characterized a 100 × 100 μm2 16-pixel detector and showed there was little variation among individual pixels. Additionally, to showcase the power of our platform, we fabricated and characterized 4-pixel multimode fiber-coupled detectors and carried out photon-correlation experiments on a nanowire quantum dot resulting in g2(0) values lower than 0.04. The multipixel detectors alleviate the need for beamsplitters and can be used for higher order correlations with promising prospects not only in the field of quantum optics, but also in bioimaging applications, such as fluorescence microscopy and positron emission tomography.
中文翻译：
时间分辨率为7.7 ps的高效单光子检测，用于光子相关测量
广泛的科学和工业学科要求在非常低的光照水平下进行精确的光学测量。结合了高效率和高时间分辨率的单光子探测器在此类实验中至关重要。通过使用相对较厚的NbTiN薄膜（8–11 nm）并提高超导纳米线单光子探测器（SNSPD）的纳米结构的图案保真度，我们制造出的器件在效率和效率方面均优于所有先前报道的探测器时间分辨率。我们的发现证明，纳米线宽度的微小变化（大约几纳米）会导致其时间响应的显着降低。为了解决这些问题，我们始终如一地实现了高时间分辨率（最佳设备7.7 ps，其他设备（约10–16 ps）同时在780–1000 nm的波长范围以及电信频段（1310–1550 nm）中具有很高的系统检测效率（80–90％）。较厚膜的使用使我们能够制造出具有均匀像素性能的大面积多像素设备。我们首先制造并表征了100×100μm2个16像素检测器，显示各个像素之间几乎没有变化。此外，为了展示我们平台的功能，我们制造并表征了4像素多模光纤耦合检测器，并对纳米线量子点进行了光子相关实验，得出的g 2（0）值低于0.04。多像素检测器减轻了对分束器的需求，不仅可以用于量子光学领域，而且还可以用于生物成像应用，例如荧光显微镜和正电子发射断层扫描，从而可以用于具有更高前景的高阶相关性。
更新日期：2020-07-15
中文翻译：
时间分辨率为7.7 ps的高效单光子检测，用于光子相关测量
广泛的科学和工业学科要求在非常低的光照水平下进行精确的光学测量。结合了高效率和高时间分辨率的单光子探测器在此类实验中至关重要。通过使用相对较厚的NbTiN薄膜（8–11 nm）并提高超导纳米线单光子探测器（SNSPD）的纳米结构的图案保真度，我们制造出的器件在效率和效率方面均优于所有先前报道的探测器时间分辨率。我们的发现证明，纳米线宽度的微小变化（大约几纳米）会导致其时间响应的显着降低。为了解决这些问题，我们始终如一地实现了高时间分辨率（最佳设备7.7 ps，其他设备（约10–16 ps）同时在780–1000 nm的波长范围以及电信频段（1310–1550 nm）中具有很高的系统检测效率（80–90％）。较厚膜的使用使我们能够制造出具有均匀像素性能的大面积多像素设备。我们首先制造并表征了100×100μm2个16像素检测器，显示各个像素之间几乎没有变化。此外，为了展示我们平台的功能，我们制造并表征了4像素多模光纤耦合检测器，并对纳米线量子点进行了光子相关实验，得出的g 2（0）值低于0.04。多像素检测器减轻了对分束器的需求，不仅可以用于量子光学领域，而且还可以用于生物成像应用，例如荧光显微镜和正电子发射断层扫描，从而可以用于具有更高前景的高阶相关性。
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