The surface flooding of Antarctic sea ice in summer covers 50% or more of the sea-ice area in the major summer ice packs, the western Weddell and the Bellingshausen-Amundsen Seas. Two CRREL ice mass-balance buoys were deployed on the Amundsen Sea pack in late December 2010 from the icebreaker Oden, bridging the summer period (January–February 2011). Temperature records from thermistors embedded vertically in the snow and ice showed progressive increases in the depth of the flooded layer (up to 0.3–0.35 m) on the ice cover during January and February. While the snow depth was relatively unchanged from accumulation (<10 cm), ice thickness decreased by up to a meter from bottom melting during this period. Contemporaneous with the high bottom melting, under-ice water temperatures up to 1°C above the freezing point were found. The high temperature arises from solar heating of the upper mixed layer which can occur when ice concentration in the local area falls and lower albedo ocean water is exposed to radiative heating. The higher proportion of snow ice found in the Amundsen Sea pack ice therefore results from both winter snowfall and summer ice bottom melt found here that can lead to extensive surface flooding.

中文翻译：

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南极夏季海冰的表面泛滥

夏季南极海冰的表面泛滥覆盖了主要夏季冰袋、威德尔西部和别林斯豪森-阿蒙森海的海冰面积的 50% 或更多。2010 年 12 月下旬，从奥登号破冰船在阿蒙森海包上部署了两个 CRREL 冰质量平衡浮标，以跨越夏季（2011 年 1 月至 2011 年 2 月）。垂直嵌入冰雪中的热敏电阻的温度记录显示，1 月和 2 月冰盖上的淹没层深度（高达 0.3-0.35 m）逐渐增加。虽然积雪深度相对于积累（<10 cm）相对没有变化，但在此期间冰层厚度从底部融化减少了多达一米。在高底部融化的同时，发现冰下水温高达冰点以上 1°C。高温源于上层混合层的太阳能加热，当当地的冰浓度下降并且较低的反照率海水暴露于辐射加热时，可能会发生这种情况。因此，在阿蒙森海浮冰中发现的较高比例的雪冰是由冬季降雪和夏季冰底融化造成的，这可能导致广泛的地表洪水。