There is mounting evidence that the widespread phenotypic changes in response to urbanization may reflect adaptations caused by rapid evolutionary processes driven by urban‐related stressors. Compared to increased habitat fragmentation and pollution, adaptations towards another typical urban‐related stressor, that is higher and longer lasting very high temperatures (heat waves), are much less studied. Notably, the sensitivities to heat waves of life‐history traits and important fitness‐related physiological traits such as immune responsiveness and bioenergetic variables (energy availability, energy consumption and their balance) have never been contrasted between urban and rural populations. By conducting a laboratory common‐garden experiment, we compared effects of a simulated heat wave on life history (survival and growth rate), immune responsiveness and bioenergetic variables between three urban and three rural populations of the damselfly Coenagrion puella. Because energy‐mediated trade‐off patterns may only be detected under energetically costly manipulations, all larvae were immune‐challenged by simulating ectoparasitism by water mites. As expected, the simulated heat wave caused negative effects on nearly all response variables. The immune responsiveness, on the other hand, increased under the heat wave, consistent with a trade‐off pattern between immune function and growth, and this similarly between urban and rural populations. A key finding was that urban larvae suffered less from the simulated heat wave compared to the rural larvae in terms of a lower heat wave‐induced depletion in energy availability. This suggests an adaptation of urban populations to better cope with the stronger and more frequent heat waves in cities. Notably, this urbanization‐driven evolution in the bioenergetic variables was not apparent in the absence of a heat wave. Given that changes in energy budgets have strong fitness consequences, our findings suggest that the evolved higher ability to cope with heat waves is fundamental for the survival of urban damselfly populations.

中文翻译：

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与农村豆娘相比，城市热能成本较低，但热浪下的免疫反应相似

越来越多的证据表明，响应于城市化的广泛表型变化可能反映了由城市相关压力源驱动的快速进化过程引起的适应。与生境破碎​​化和污染加剧相比，对另一种典型的与城市相关的应激源（即更高且持续时间更长的高温（热浪））的适应性研究较少。值得注意的是，从未将城乡人口对生活史特征和重要的与健身有关的生理特征（如免疫应答和生物能变量（能量可用性，能量消耗及其平衡））对热波的敏感性进行对比。通过进行实验室的花园实验，我们比较了模拟热浪对生活史（生存率和增长率）的影响，ena虫。因为只能通过耗费大量能量的操作才能检测到能量介导的权衡模式，所以通过模拟螨虫的除螨作用，所有幼虫都受到免疫攻击。不出所料，模拟的热浪几乎对所有响应变量产生了负面影响。另一方面，在热浪下，免疫反应性增加，这与免疫功能和生长之间的权衡模式相一致，城乡人口之间也是如此。一个关键发现是，与农村幼虫相比，城市幼虫受模拟热浪的影响要小，这是因为热浪引起的能源消耗减少。这表明需要对城市人口进行调整，以更好地应对城市中更强烈，更频繁的热浪。值得注意的是 在没有热浪的情况下，这种由城市化驱动的生物能变量演变并不明显。考虑到能源预算的变化具有很强的适应性，我们的研究结果表明，发展起来的应对热浪的更高能力对于城市豆娘的生存至关重要。