Plants perceive various external and internal signals to self-modulate biological processes through members of the receptor-like kinase (RLK) family, among which Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase 1-like (CrRLK1L) proteins with their ligands, rapid alkalinization factor (RALF) peptides, have attracted considerable interest. FERONIA (FER), a CrRLK1L member, was initially reported to act as a major plant cell growth modulator in distinct tissues. Subsequently, the RALF–FER pathway was confirmed to function as an essential regulator of plant stress responses, including but not limited to immune responses. Furthermore, the RALF–FER pathway modulates immune responses and cell growth in a context-specific manner, and the vital roles of this pathway are beginning to be appreciated in crop species. The recent remarkable advances in understanding the functions and molecular mechanisms of the RALF–FER pathway have also raised many interesting questions that need to be answered in the future. This review mainly focuses on the roles of FER and other CrRLK1L members in modulating immune responses in the context of cell growth in response to their RALF peptide ligands and presents a brief outlook for future research.

植物通过受体样激酶 (RLK) 家族成员感知各种外部和内部信号以自我调节生物过程，其中 长春花受体样激酶 1 样 ( Cr RLK1L) 蛋白及其配体、快速碱化因子 ( RALF) 肽引起了相当大的兴趣。FERONIA (FER), CrRLK1L 成员最初被报道在不同组织中充当主要的植物细胞生长调节剂。随后，证实 RALF-FER 途径作为植物应激反应的重要调节因子，包括但不限于免疫反应。此外，RALF-FER 途径以特定于环境的方式调节免疫反应和细胞生长，并且该途径的重要作用开始在作物物种中受到重视。最近在理解 RALF-FER 通路的功能和分子机制方面取得的显着进展也提出了许多需要在未来回答的有趣问题。本综述主要关注 FER 和其他Cr 的作用RLK1L 成员在响应其 RALF 肽配体的细胞生长背景下调节免疫反应，并简要介绍了未来研究的前景。