In broad terms, “advanced” heart failure describes a clinical syndrome characterized by persistent or progressive symptoms and ventricular dysfunction despite guideline-directed medical therapy. Clinically the definition is often dependent upon iterative and integrated clinical assessments to identify patients with worsening status and reliance on specific therapies. This review examines current consensus definitions, highlights strategies for risk stratification and prognostication, and examines short- and long-term treatment strategies. Lastly, this paper explores future directions of research and development for the field.

中文翻译：

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晚期心力衰竭：流行病学，诊断和治疗方法。

从广义上讲，“高级”心力衰竭是指尽管有指导性的药物治疗但仍具有持续性或进行性症状和心室功能障碍的临床综合征。临床上，该定义通常取决于反复和综合的临床评估，以识别状态恶化且依赖特定疗法的患者。这项审查检查了当前的共识定义，重点介绍了风险分层和预后的策略，并检查了短期和长期的治疗策略。最后，本文探讨了该领域的未来研究和发展方向。