Abstract Quantifying intraspecific genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity of traits involved in drought tolerance is essential to forecast forest tree vulnerability to climate change. Tree ring analysis was applied to retrospectively assess the resistance, recovery and resilience of a Mediterranean pine in the face of extreme climate episodes. We combined a dendrochronological approach with the analysis of common-garden tests to disentangle genetic, environment and genetic-by-environment effects in growth responses of 10 P. pinaster populations to two extreme climatic events. Trees were 43 years old and had experienced two intense droughts, in 1995 and 2005. Drought events caused drastic reductions in secondary growth, but trees showed high capacity to recover pre-drought growth rates. The differences in the characteristics of the two drought events and the environmental distance between sites strongly modulated maritime pine responses to extreme droughts. However, a common among-population signal across sites and events was detected in the drought response strategy. Among-population variation in response to extreme droughts was evident for the resistance and recovery components, two strategies that appeared to trade-off between each other. Populations from Atlantic climates showed higher resistance but lower recovery capacity, whereas Mediterranean origins prioritised recovery over resistance. Mediterranean populations showed a more conservative strategy that indicated an adaptive advantage under water stress, reflected in greater long-term survival. The abovementioned relationships were clear in the site where the impact of the drought events was strongest, but not in the more favourable site. Differences in relationships between sites reflect that strategies of populations to cope with drought are strongly context dependent. Based on these results, we infer that future extreme droughts will differentially affect P. pinaster populations across the natural range of the species. Immediate effects will be more evident in Mediterranean areas but, in the long term, population persistence in the face of climate change will be more compromised for Atlantic origins. Because local environmental conditions can considerably modulate responses to extreme events, special attention is required to define appropriate management practices to mitigate the impact of future droughts.

中文翻译：

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普通花园中的树木生态学：松树对极端干旱事件的抵抗力、恢复和恢复力的种群分化和可塑性

摘要 量化与耐旱性相关的性状的种内遗传变异和表型可塑性对于预测林木对气候变化的脆弱性至关重要。树轮分析用于回顾性评估地中海松在极端气候事件中的抵抗力、恢复力和恢复力。我们将树木年代学方法与普通花园测试的分析相结合，以解开 10 P. pinaster 种群对两个极端气候事件的生长响应中的遗传、环境和遗传对环境的影响。树木已有 43 年的历史，在 1995 年和 2005 年经历了两次严重干旱。干旱事件导致次生生长急剧减少，但树木显示出恢复干旱前生长速度的强大能力。两次干旱事件特征的差异和地点之间的环境距离强烈调节了海松对极端干旱的响应。然而，在干旱响应策略中检测到了跨地点和事件的群体间常见信号。对极端干旱的反应在人口中的差异在抵抗力和恢复成分方面很明显，这两种策略似乎相互权衡。大西洋气候的种群表现出较高的抵抗力，但恢复能力较低，而地中海地区的种群则优先考虑恢复而不是抵抗力。地中海人群表现出更保守的策略，表明在缺水压力下具有适应性优势，反映在更长的长期存活率上。上述关系在干旱事件影响最强的地点很明显，但在更有利的地点则不明显。站点之间关系的差异反映了人口应对干旱的策略强烈依赖于环境。基于这些结果，我们推断未来的极端干旱将对整个物种自然范围内的 P. pinaster 种群产生不同的影响。地中海地区的直接影响将更加明显，但从长远来看，大西洋起源的人口在气候变化面前的持久性将受到更大的损害。由于当地环境条件可以在很大程度上调节对极端事件的反应，因此需要特别注意确定适当的管理实践以减轻未来干旱的影响。