Since the concept of active suspensions appeared, its large possible benefits has attracted continuous exploration in the field of railway engineering. With new demands of higher speed, better ride comfort and lower maintenance cost for railway vehicles, active suspensions are very promising technologies. Being the starting point of commercial application of active suspensions in rail vehicles, tilting trains have become a great success in some countries. With increased technical maturity of sensors and actuators, active suspension has unprecedented development opportunities. In this work, the basic concepts are summarized with new theories and solutions that have appeared over the last decade. Experimental studies and the implementation status of different active suspension technologies are described as well. Firstly, tilting trains are briefly described. Thereafter, an in-depth study for active secondary and primary suspensions is performed. For both topics, after an introductory section an explanation of possible solutions existing in the literature is given. The implementation status is reported. Active secondary suspensions are categorized into active and semi-active suspensions. Primary suspensions are instead divided between acting on solid-axle wheelsets and independently rotating wheels. Lastly, a brief summary and outlook is presented in terms of benefits, research status and challenges. The potential for active suspensions in railway applications is outlined.

中文翻译：

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铁路车辆的主动悬架：文献调查

自从主动悬架概念出现以来，它的巨大可能利益就吸引了铁路工程领域的不断探索。随着对铁路车辆更高的速度，更好的乘坐舒适性和更低的维护成本的新要求，主动悬架是非常有前途的技术。作为主动悬架在轨道车辆上商业化应用的起点，摆式火车在某些国家已经取得了巨大的成功。随着传感器和执行器的技术日趋成熟，主动悬架具有前所未有的发展机遇。在这项工作中，对基本概念进行了总结，并结合了过去十年来出现的新理论和解决方案。还描述了各种主动悬挂技术的实验研究和实施状况。首先，简要介绍了倾斜火车。此后，对主动二级和一级悬架进行了深入研究。对于这两个主题，在引言部分之后，都对文献中存在的可能解决方案进行了解释。报告执行状态。活性二级悬浮液分为活性悬浮液和半活性悬浮液。相反，主悬架分配在作用于实心轴轮对的车轮和独立旋转的车轮之间。最后，就收益，研究现状和挑战提出了简短的总结和展望。概述了铁路应用中主动悬挂的潜力。在引言部分之后，对文献中存在的可能解决方案进行了解释。报告实施状态。活性二级悬浮液分为活性悬浮液和半活性悬浮液。相反，主悬架分配在作用于实心轴轮对和独立旋转的轮之间。最后，就收益，研究现状和挑战提出了简短的总结和展望。概述了铁路应用中主动悬挂的潜力。在引言部分之后，对文献中存在的可能解决方案进行了解释。报告实施状态。活性二级悬浮液分为活性悬浮液和半活性悬浮液。相反，主悬架分配在作用于实心轴轮对的车轮和独立旋转的车轮之间。最后，就收益，研究现状和挑战提出了简短的总结和展望。概述了铁路应用中主动悬挂的潜力。研究现状和挑战。概述了铁路应用中主动悬挂的潜力。研究现状和挑战。概述了铁路应用中主动悬挂的潜力。