We investigated the species richness, endemism, and similarity of the bryoflora (mosses and liverworts) on five Brazilian Amazon mountains (four Tepuis and one rocky outcrop), to determine the floristic relationships between them using presence/absence matrix. Cluster analysis based on the Jaccard index was used to determine similarities between the plant assemblages in five areas. We also performed a principal component analysis to determine which abiotic variables best explained the variations between those mountains. We surveyed the bryophyte species on each of the five mountains to identify the diversity of mosses and liverworts and to answer to the following questions: (1) How many bryophyte species are there in total area (gama diversity) and on each mountain (alpha diversity)? (2) Do mosses and liverworts share patterns of diversity? (3) Can patterns of alpha diversity be used to predict patterns of beta diversity? (4) What are the species distribution patterns? (5) How many endemic species are there in the mountains? and, (6) Is there high similarity among those bryophyte floras? We encountered 425 species, 144 genera, and 51 families of bryophytes, with Lejeuneaceae and Lepidoziaceae being the richest families. A considerable number of floristic novelties were encountered: 18 species new to Brazil; 39 species new to northern Brazil; 21 species new to Amazonas State; and 2 species new to science and only recently described. Over 43% of the bryophytes have a tropical America distribution, approximately 7% are Pantropical, 6.5% are Afro-American, and 3% are endemic to Brazil (6 liverworts and 6 mosses), and 6% are widespread globally. We present a checklist of 425 bryophyte species (144 genera and 51 families) of which 12 are endemic. Patterns of endemism of the bryophyte flora on the Tepuis differ from those exhibited by angiosperms (in the latter three times higher). Thirty-nine of these species were new for the Amazonia domain in Brazil, increasing by 7% the previous total of Amazonian recorded species. The similarity between sites was low, ranging from 3 to 25%. PCA analysis showed temperature variables explaining the greater part of the variance (76.6%) between the mountains. Our results demonstrate that patterns of alpha diversity cannot be used to predict patterns of beta diversity. This paper represents the first evaluation of bryophytes on five Brazilian Amazon mountains, giving insight into their species richness, endemism, and similarity, and providing baseline information for analyzing species’ turnover rates, migration, invasion events, etc. These results also represent an increase in our general knowledge of the Brazilian bryoflora and are relevant to the conservation of bryophyte diversity in the Amazon forest, and represent a contribution toward the targets of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation.

我们调查了巴西五座亚马逊山（四处Tepuis和一处岩石露头）上的苔藓植物（苔藓和地榆）的物种丰富性，特有性和相似性，以确定它们之间的植物关系（使用存在/不存在矩阵）。基于Jaccard指数的聚类分析用于确定五个区域中植物组合之间的相似性。我们还进行了主成分分析，以确定哪些非生物变量最能解释这些山脉之间的差异。我们调查了五个山脉中每一个的苔藓植物物种，以确定苔藓和地艾的多样性，并回答以下问题：（1）总面积（伽马多样性）和每座山上（阿尔法多样性）有多少苔藓植物？（2）苔藓和艾蒿是否共享多样性模式？（3）是否可以使用alpha分集模式来预测beta分集模式？（4）物种分布方式是什么？（5）山上有多少特有物种？（6）苔藓植物区系之间是否有高度相似性？我们遇到了425种，144属和51种苔藓植物科，其中Lejeuneaceae和Lepidoziaceae是最丰富的科。遇到了相当多的植物学新发现：巴西有18种新物种；巴西北部新种39种；亚马孙州新增21种；还有2种对科学来说是新的，直到最近才被描述。超过43％的苔藓植物分布在美国热带地区，大约7％的人是泛热带的，6.5％的人是美国黑人，而3％的人是巴西特有的（6个艾蒿和6个苔藓），而6％则在全球广泛分布。我们提出了425种苔藓植物物种（144属和51个科）的清单，其中12种是地方性的。苔藓植物上苔藓植物区系的特有模式与被子植物所表现出的模式不同（后者高出三倍）。这些物种中有39种是巴西亚马孙地区的新物种，比亚马逊记录的先前物种总数增加了7％。站点之间的相似度很低，范围从3％到25％。PCA分析显示温度变量解释了山脉之间的大部分差异（76.6％）。我们的结果表明，α多样性的模式不能用于预测β多样性的模式。