Many pesticides contain fluoride that enters the food chain and affect the non-target organisms. Fluoride is a known neurotoxin and may cause neurobehavioral defects. A study was conducted to see the effect of fluoride on the learning and memory ability of larvae of Zaprionus indianus. The learning and memory ability of 2nd instar larvae of normal (control) and sodium fluoride (NaF)-treated Zaprionus indianus was compared. Sublethal concentration of NaF for Z. indianus was found to be 0.8 ppm. Olfactory assay results showed that the larvae of normal (control) Z. indianus had better learning and memory ability in comparison to NaF-treated larvae. This study indicates that the insects exposed to pesticides containing fluoride may have difficulty in locating food sources and carrying out pollination.

中文翻译：

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氟化物对Zaprionus indianus幼虫学习记忆能力的影响

许多杀虫剂都含有进入食物链并影响非目标生物的氟化物。氟化物是一种已知的神经毒素，可能会导致神经行为缺陷。进行了一项研究，以观察氟化物对 Zaprionus indianus 幼虫学习和记忆能力的影响。比较了正常（对照）和氟化钠（NaF）处理的印度刺豚鼠的二龄幼虫的学习和记忆能力。发现 Z. indianus 的 NaF 亚致死浓度为 0.8 ppm。嗅觉测定结果表明，与 NaF 处理的幼虫相比，正常（对照）印度竹鼠的幼虫具有更好的学习和记忆能力。这项研究表明，暴露于含氟农药的昆虫可能难以定位食物来源并进行授粉。