Mammalian species express a broad variety in the shape of their extrahepatic biliary tract. While a gall bladder is present in many species, others are lacking this organ. Evolutionary driving forces for these differences have not been determined yet, and organ-specific pathologies might present potentially influencing factors. We reviewed the literature regarding extrahepatic biliary tract pathologies reported in mammalian species of zoo animals and wildlife. Specific pathologies have been reported in the taxonomic orders Proboscidea , Chiroptera , Carnivora , Artiodactyla , Primates , Rodentia , and Lagomorpha with variable frequencies of etiological categories . While metabolic disorders with cholelith formation have been reported mainly in captive populations, parasitological infestation was found particularly in free-ranging animals. Based on the available data, we hypothesize Proboscidea , Primates, and Rodentia species to be prone to cholelithiasis. Species belonging to the Artiodactyla seem to be more susceptible to parasitological infestation while in representatives of the Carnivora infectious, metabolic, neoplastic, and parasitological disorders have been reported nearly equally. Extending our knowledge on extrahepatic biliary tract pathologies in exotic pets and wildlife will support the work of veterinary practitioners as well as scientists in evolutionary biology, making further research in this area strongly recommendable.

中文翻译：

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动物园动物和野生动物哺乳动物的肝外胆道病理学：综述

哺乳动物在其肝外胆道的形状上表现出广泛的多样性。虽然许多物种都存在胆囊，但其他物种则缺乏这种器官。这些差异的进化驱动力尚未确定，器官特异性病理可能存在潜在的影响因素。我们回顾了有关在动物园动物和野生动物的哺乳动物物种中报道的肝外胆道病理的文献。在分类目长鼻目、手足目、食肉目、偶蹄目、灵长类、啮齿目和兔形目中已经报道了具有不同频率的病因类别的特定病理。虽然主要在圈养种群中报告了与胆石形成有关的代谢紊乱，但特别是在自由放养的动物中发现了寄生虫感染。根据现有数据，我们假设长鼻、灵长类和啮齿类物种容易患胆石症。偶蹄目物种似乎更容易受到寄生虫感染，而食肉目动物的感染、代谢、肿瘤和寄生虫病的报告几乎相同。扩展我们对外来宠物和野生动物肝外胆道病理学的了解将支持兽医从业者和进化生物学科学家的工作，强烈推荐在该领域进行进一步研究。偶蹄目物种似乎更容易受到寄生虫感染，而食肉目动物的感染、代谢、肿瘤和寄生虫病的报告几乎相同。扩展我们对外来宠物和野生动物肝外胆道病理学的了解将支持兽医从业者和进化生物学科学家的工作，强烈推荐在该领域进行进一步研究。偶蹄目物种似乎更容易受到寄生虫感染，而食肉目动物的感染、代谢、肿瘤和寄生虫病的报告几乎相同。扩展我们对外来宠物和野生动物肝外胆道病理学的了解将支持兽医从业者和进化生物学科学家的工作，强烈推荐在该领域进行进一步研究。