Hirudo granulosa—an Indian cattle leech, is frequently used for the treatment of psoriasis and eczema. During treatment which followed by leech biting, it transfers some amount of gut microbes along with saliva. This may result in bacterial infection at the treatment site. Antibiotics used as post-surgical hirudotherapy is the reason for drug resistance. Drug resistance is the result of the change in the genetic makeup of bacteria. Therefore, it is necessary to study antibiotic sensitivity of gut bacteria and characterized them genetically. Fourteen bacterial isolates were obtained from unused leech in which five were Gram-negative and the other nine were Gram-positive. Similarly from the used leech, thirteen were isolated in which five were Gram-negative and the other eight were Gram-positive. Biochemical analysis reveals that isolates from unused leech saliva belong to Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Streptococcus, and Vibrio species, while the used leech salivary bacteria were the member of genus Pseudomonas, Comamonas, Escherichia, Citrobacter, Aeromonas, Providencia, Enterobacter, and Yersinia. Antibiotic sensitivity tests for isolates indicated that chloramphenicol (30 μg) and norfloxacin (10 μg) were effective for unused leech isolates while sparfloxacin (5 μg) and Cefaclor (30 μg) were effective against used leech salivary isolates. Random primer (OPL-14)-based random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprint showed twenty amplified regions among all tested bacteria. Most of the bacteria contain the tested sequence except U2, T2, T9A, and T10 which showed no amplification indicated the absence of primers sequence. Chloramphenicol, norfloxacin, sparfloxacin, and Cefaclor antibiotics alone or in combination were possibly used to treat post-therapy infections. Bacteria from treated and untreated leeches were clustered at nearby branch in neighbor end-joining phylogenetic tree, which indicates the similar (but not exact) genetic makeup. Therefore, it can be concluded that these antibiotics were possibly used against most of them.

中文翻译：

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印度药用水蛭-Hirudinaria granulosa 可培养肠道细菌的抗生素敏感性和 RAPD-PCR 研究

Hirudo granulosa——一种印度牛水蛭，经常用于治疗牛皮癣和湿疹。在被水蛭咬伤后的治疗过程中，它会将一定量的肠道微生物与唾液一起转移。这可能会导致治疗部位的细菌感染。用作手术后水蛭疗法的抗生素是产生耐药性的原因。耐药性是细菌基因组成变化的结果。因此，有必要研究肠道细菌的抗生素敏感性并对其进行遗传表征。从未使用的水蛭中分离出 14 株细菌，其中 5 株为革兰氏阴性菌，另外 9 株为革兰氏阳性菌。类似地，从使用过的水蛭中分离出 13 条，其中 5 条为革兰氏阴性，另外 8 条为革兰氏阳性。生化分析表明，未使用的水蛭唾液分离物属于假单胞菌属、微球菌属、链球菌属和弧菌属，而使用过的水蛭唾液细菌为假单胞菌属、毛单胞菌属、埃希氏菌属、柠檬酸杆菌属、气单胞菌属、普罗维登斯菌属、肠杆菌属和耶尔森氏菌属。分离株的抗生素敏感性试验表明氯霉素（30 μg）和诺氟沙星（10 μg）对未使用的水蛭分离株有效，而司帕沙星（5 μg）和头孢克洛（30 μg）对使用过的水蛭唾液分离株有效。基于随机引物 (OPL-14) 的随机扩增多态性 DNA (RAPD) 指纹显示所有测试细菌中有 20 个扩增区域。除了U2、T2、T9A和T10外，大部分细菌都含有测试序列，没有扩增表明没有引物序列。氯霉素，诺氟沙星、司帕沙星和头孢克洛抗生素单独或联合使用可能用于治疗治疗后感染。来自处理和未处理水蛭的细菌聚集在相邻末端连接系统发育树中的附近分支，这表明相似（但不准确）的基因组成。因此，可以得出结论，这些抗生素可能被用于对抗大多数抗生素。