Al is a common metallic element found in earth's crust and is a toxic pollutant present at high concentrations in acidic soil, thus affecting plant growth. Despite being well studied as a toxic element, the effects of Al on date palm have not been investigated. This study aimed to assess the toxic effects of different Al concentrations on the development and growth of date palm callus and evaluate the biochemical and molecular response of date palm cells under Al stress. Our study revealed the phytotoxicity of Al concentrations (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg.l-1) on date palm callus. The fresh and dry weight and the number of produced embryos were significantly decreased in response to Al concentration. At 150 mg.l-1, the embryo number decreased to 1.66 compared with the 19.33 in the control treatment. At high Al concentration (200 mg.l-1), the callus failed to produce any embryo. Biochemical analysis revealed that Al exposure had negative effect on callus. Total soluble carbohydrates, total soluble protein and free amino acids were decreased in plants receiving 200 mg.l-1 Al treatment compared with those in the untreated ones. A similar decline was observed in total soluble protein and free amino acid in response to Al treatment. Significant accumulations of malondialdehyde, H2O2 and peroxidase activity accompanied the increase in Al concentration in cultured tissues, revealing the generation of toxic reactive oxygen species in affected cultures. The genotoxic effect of Al at high concentrations (150 and 200 mg.l-1) was revealed by protein patterns. Our findings revealed for the first time the phytotoxicity of Al to date palm callus. At 200 mg.l-1, Al prevented the embryo production of date palm callus. At 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg.l-1, Al negatively affected the biochemical characteristics of date palm callus. At 150 and 200 mg.l-1, Al induced changes in protein expression. These data showed that the tissue culture technique can be used as a valuable approach in heavy metal toxicity studies.

中文翻译：

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铝对枣椰子（Phoenix dactylifera L.）体外培养的植物毒性和遗传毒性作用

Al是在地壳中发现的一种常见金属元素，并且是一种酸性土壤中高浓度存在的有毒污染物，因此会影响植物的生长。尽管已经作为有毒元素进行了很好的研究，但尚未研究Al对枣椰子的影响。这项研究旨在评估不同浓度的铝对椰枣愈伤组织的发育和生长的毒性作用，并评估铝胁迫下椰枣细胞的生化和分子反应。我们的研究揭示了枣棕愈伤组织中铝浓度（50、100、150和200 mg.l-1）的植物毒性。响应于Al浓度，鲜重和干重以及产生的胚的数量显着降低。在150mg.l-1下，与对照处理中的19.33相比，胚胎数目减少至1.66。在高铝浓度（200 mg.l-1）下，愈伤组织不能产生任何胚胎。生化分析表明，铝暴露对愈伤组织有负面影响。与未处理的植物相比，接受200 mg.1-1 Al处理的植物的总可溶性碳水化合物，总可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸减少。响应于Al处理，观察到总可溶性蛋白质和游离氨基酸的类似下降。丙二醛，H2O2和过氧化物酶活性的大量积累伴随着培养组织中Al浓度的增加，揭示了在受影响的培养物中产生了有毒的活性氧。通过蛋白质模式揭示了高浓度（150和200 mg.l-1）的Al的遗传毒性作用。我们的发现首次揭示了迄今为止对棕榈愈伤组织的铝的植物毒性。在200 mg.l-1下，A1阻止了枣椰子愈伤组织的胚产生。在50、100、150和200 mg.l-1时，Al对枣椰子愈伤组织的生化特性产生负面影响。在150和200 mg.l-1时，A1诱导蛋白质表达变化。这些数据表明，组织培养技术可以用作重金属毒性研究中的一种有价值的方法。