Surging acceptance of adaptive cruise control (ACC) across the globe is further escalating concerns over its energy impact. Two questions have directed much of this project: how to distinguish ACC driving behaviour from that of the human driver and how to identify the ACC energy impact. As opposed to simulations or test-track experiments as described in previous studies, this work is unique because it was performed in real-world car-following scenarios with a variety of vehicle specifications, propulsion systems, drivers, and road and traffic conditions. Tractive energy consumption serves as the energy impact indicator, ruling out the effect of the propulsion system. To further isolate the driving behaviour as the only possible contributor to tractive energy differences, two techniques are offered to normalize heterogeneous vehicle specifications and road and traffic conditions. Finally, ACC driving behaviour is compared with that of the human driver from transient and statistical perspectives. Its impact on tractive energy consumption is then evaluated from individual and platoon perspectives. Our data suggest that unlike human drivers, ACC followers lead to string instability. Their inability to absorb the speed overshoots may partly be explained by their high responsiveness from a control theory perspective. Statistical results might imply the followers in the automated or mixed traffic flow generally perform worse in reproducing the driving style of the preceding vehicle. On the individual level, ACC followers have tractive energy consumption 2.7–20.5% higher than those of human counterparts. On the platoon level, the tractive energy values of ACC followers tend to consecutively increase (11.2–17.3%). In general, therefore, ACC impacts negatively on tractive energy efficiency. This research provides a feasible path for evaluating the energy impact of ACC in real-world applications. Moreover, the findings have significant implications for ACC safety design when handling the stability-responsiveness trade-off.

中文翻译：

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实际高速公路多车跟随场景中自适应巡航控制的能量影响

全球对自适应巡航控制系统（ACC）的接受程度不断提高，进一步加剧了对其能量影响的担忧。这个项目的大部分工作有两个问题：如何区分ACC驾驶行为与驾驶员行为，以及如何识别ACC能量影响。与以前的研究中描述的模拟或测试跟踪实验相反，这项工作是独特的，因为它是在具有各种车辆规格，推进系统，驾驶员以及道路和交通状况的真实世界的汽车跟随场景中进行的。牵引能量消耗是能量影响指标，排除了推进系统的影响。为了进一步隔离驾驶行为，这是造成牵引能量差异的唯一可能原因，提供了两种技术来标准化异构车辆规格以及道路和交通状况。最后，从瞬态和统计角度将ACC驾驶行为与驾驶员的行为进行比较。然后从个人和排的角度评估其对牵引能耗的影响。我们的数据表明，与人类驾驶员不同，ACC追随者会导致琴弦不稳定。他们无法吸收速度过冲的部分原因可能是从控制理论的角度来看它们的高响应能力。统计结果可能暗示自动或混合交通流中的追随者通常在重现前车的驾驶方式方面表现较差。在个人层面上，ACC追随者的牵引能量消耗比人类同行高2.7–20.5％。在排级，ACC追随者的牵引能量值趋于连续增加（11.2-17.3％）。因此，总体而言，ACC对牵引能效产生负面影响。这项研究为评估ACC在实际应用中的能量影响提供了一条可行的途径。此外，在处理稳定性-响应性折衷方案时，这些发现对ACC安全设计具有重要意义。