A growing demand in sustainable energy harvested from renewable resources, such as wind or solar power, leads to new challenges in the electricity grid, which in future is also referred to as the smart grid. This also reflects in a more decentralized and diverse energy market. In such a market, prices do not only depend on production and demand, but also the source of energy production influences the price. In this paper, we present a decentralized and permission-less system for issuing, receiving and verifying Green Energy Certificates for kWh Ownership (GECKO) similar to the established Renewable Energy Certificates or Green Tags. These certificates allow to create a market for renewable energy. While the established system is designed for the wholesale market and does not allow for decentralized and permission-less verification, the proposed system is built on a blockchain-based approach and allows for the management and transfer of certificates. In our exemplary use case, Distribution System Operators (DSO) act as certification authority for privately or community owned power plants in regional energy markets. Customers can easily verify the integrity of such certificates without relying on a trusted third party or escrow service.

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GECKO的分散和免许可绿色能源证书

从可再生资源（例如风能或太阳能）中获取的可持续能源的需求不断增长，给电网带来了新的挑战，电网在未来也被称为智能电网。这也反映在更加分散和多样化的能源市场中。在这样的市场中，价格不仅取决于生产和需求，而且能源生产的来源也会影响价格。在本文中，我们提出了一种分散，无许可的系统，用于签发，接收和验证kWh所有权绿色能源证书（GECKO），类似于已建立的可再生能源证书或绿色标签。这些证书可以为可再生能源创造市场。虽然已建立的系统是为批发市场设计的，并且不允许进行分散和无许可的验证，拟议的系统基于基于区块链的方法构建，并允许管理和传输证书。在我们的示例用例中，配电系统运营商（DSO）充当区域能源市场中私人或社区拥有的电厂的认证机构。客户可以轻松地验证此类证书的完整性，而无需依赖受信任的第三方或托管服务。