The adsorption of phenanthrene onto activated carbons produced from Vitisvinifera leaf litter (a waste plant biomass) was investigated in this study. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) were utilised as activating agents in producing the activated carbons. The characterisation of the activated carbons was achieved with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (for surface functional groups), scanning electron microscopy (for surface morphology) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) (for surface area determination). The adsorption of phenanthrene onto the activated carbons was optimised in terms of solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration of adsorbate solution and contact time. Experimental results showed that H3PO4 modified activated carbon gave better yield (up to 58.40%) relative to ZnCl2 modified activated carbon (only up to 47.08%). Meanwhile, surface characterisation showed that ZnCl2 modification resulted in higher BET surface area (up to 616.60 m2/g) and total pore volume (up to 0.289 cm3/g) relative to BET surface area of up to 295.49 m2/g and total pore volume of up to 0.185 cm3/g obtained from H3PO4 modified activated carbons. Adsorption equilibrium data fitted well into Freundlich isotherm model relative to other applied isotherm models, with maximum Kf value of 1.27 for ZnCl2 modified activated carbon and 1.16 Kf value for H3PO4 modified activated carbon. The maximum adsorption capacity for ZnCl2 and H3PO4 activated carbons for the removal of phenanthrene were 94.12 and 89.13 mg/g, respectively. Kinetic studies revealed that dynamic equilibrium was reached at 80 min contact time. Experimental data fitted best into the Elovich kinetic model relative to other kinetic models, based on the correlation coefficient (R2) values obtained from kinetic studies. Chemisorption was deduced as a major phenanthrene removal pathway from aqueous solution and the physicochemical characteristics of the adsorbents have major influence on phenanthrene removal efficiencies.

中文翻译：

---

制备和活性炭的表征葡萄葡萄叶屑和用于水性菲其吸附性能

在这项研究中，研究了菲吸附在葡萄叶凋落物（一种废弃植物生物质）上产生的活性炭上的菲吸附。氯化锌（ZnCl2）和磷酸（H3PO4）被用作生产活性炭的活化剂。活性炭的表征通过傅里叶变换红外光谱法（用于表面官能团），扫描电子显微镜（用于表面形态）和Brunauer-Emmett-Teller（BET）（用于表面积测定）实现。根据溶液的pH值，吸附剂的用量，被吸附物溶液的初始浓度和接触时间，对菲在活性炭上的吸附进行了优化。实验结果表明，H3PO4改性的活性炭具有更好的收率（高达58。相对于ZnCl2改性的活性炭（仅高达47.08％）而言为40％。同时，表面表征表明，相对于最大表面积为295.49 m2 / g的BET表面积，ZnCl2修饰导致更高的BET表面积（高达616.60 m2 / g）和总孔体积（高达0.289 cm3 / g）。由H3PO4改性的活性炭获得的最高0.185 cm3 / g。相对于其他应用的等温线模型，吸附平衡数据非常适合Freundlich等温线模型，ZnCl2改性活性炭的最大Kf值为1.27，H3PO4改性活性炭的最大Kf值为1.16。ZnCl2和H3PO4活性炭去除菲的最大吸附容量分别为94.12和89.13 mg / g。动力学研究表明，在80分钟的接触时间达到了动态平衡。基于从动力学研究获得的相关系数（R2）值，相对于其他动力学模型，实验数据最适合Elovich动力学模型。化学吸附是水溶液中主要的菲去除途径，吸附剂的理化特性对菲的去除效率有重要影响。