In the Neotropics, coffee production occurs on a large scale in some of the planet’s most biodiverse regions: tropical mountains. Coffee production systems involving shade trees are considered to have a lower impact on biodiversity than alternative sun coffee. To date, the majority of evidence for the value of shade coffee plantations has not taken into account the relative quality of this habitat compared to the native forests they replaced. We determined the suitability of shade coffee and forest as winter habitat for Canada Warbler (Cardellina canadensis) by comparing variation in the likelihood of capturing individuals, seasonal changes in body condition, and estimates of annual survival between the 2 habitats. We also determined the effect of the strong 2015–2016 El Niño event on survival. Males were relatively more likely to be captured in forest than females and this likelihood increased during drier years. Body condition change over the winter and apparent annual survival were similar for individuals that used forest and coffee. However, condition and survival decreased in both habitats during the El Niño year. Apparent survival was also lower for individuals carrying a radiotag or geolocator. Our findings suggest that shade coffee with high canopy cover and height offers similar benefits to forest in terms of body condition and survival. Landscape conservation approaches, promoting diverse matrices of structurally complex shade coffee and forest might best ensure long-term survival in Neotropical migrants like Canada Warbler.

中文翻译：

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对比在加拿大安第斯山脉的加拿大莺（Cardellina canadensis）的越冬栖息地，采用阴影咖啡农业和原始森林作为越冬栖息地的适用性

在新热带地区，咖啡生产在地球上一些生物多样性最强的地区（热带山区）大规模进行。涉及遮荫树的咖啡生产系统被认为对生物多样性的影响要比替代性太阳咖啡低。迄今为止，有关树荫下咖啡种植园价值的大多数证据都没有考虑到该栖息地与其所替代的原始森林相比的相对质量。我们确定了加拿大咖啡莺（Cardellina canadensis）的深色咖啡和森林是否适合作为冬季栖息地），以比较捕获个体可能性的变化，身体状况的季节性变化以及这两个栖息地之间的年生存率的估算值。我们还确定了2015-2016年厄尔尼诺事件的强烈影响对生存的影响。在森林中，雄性被捕获的可能性比雌性要高，并且在较干旱的年代，这种可能性增加了。在冬天，身体状况的变化和表观年生存率与使用森林和咖啡的人相似。但是，在厄尔尼诺年期间，两个生境的状况和生存率均下降。携带放射性标记或地理定位器的个体的表观存活率也较低。我们的发现表明，具有较高树冠覆盖度和高度的遮荫咖啡在身体状况和生存方面与森林具有相似的好处。景观保护方法，