Safeners have been widely used to reduce phytotoxicity to crops, thus serving as an alternative weed control strategy. Benoxacor and fenclorim safeners have the potential to protect plants from herbicide phytotoxicity by increasing glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity within the plant. The study aimed to evaluate the safening effect of benoxacor and fenclorim on tomato against selected herbicides applied POST. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized designed with four replications in a 9 × 3 factorial scheme, where Factor A consisted of eight herbicides including a nontreated control, and Factor B consisted of two safeners including a nontreated control. The herbicide treatments were sulfentrazone (0.220 kg ai ha−1), fomesafen (0.280 kg ai ha−1), flumioxazin (0.070 kg ai ha−1), linuron (1.200 kg ai ha−1), metribuzin (0.840 kg ai ha−1), pyroxasulfone (0.220 kg ai ha−1), and bicyclopyrone (0.040 kg ai ha−1). Safener treatments consisted of benoxacor (0.67 g L−1) and fenclorim (10 µM). Tomato seeds were immersed in safener solution before sowing and herbicides were applied when tomato plants were at the 3-leaf stage, or 25 days after sowing. Visible injury was scored at 3, 7, 14, and 21 d after application (DAA), and shoot biomass was recorded 21 DAA. Seed treatment with fenclorim reduced injury caused by imazamox and bicyclopyrone by 5.5 and 1.3 times, respectively, whereas benoxacor reduced the injury from bicyclopyrone 1.3 times. In addition, tomato plants pretreated with fenclorim showed a lesser reduction in biomass after application of imazamox, fomesafen, and metribuzin, whereas plants pretreated with benoxacor showed lesser biomass reduction after metribuzin application. Thus, the use of safeners promotes greater crop selectivity, allowing the application of herbicides with different mechanisms of action on the crop.

中文翻译：

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Benoxacor 和 fenclorim 的安全作用提高了番茄中除草剂的选择性

安全剂已被广泛用于减少对作物的植物毒性，因此可作为替代杂草控制策略。Benoxacor 和 fenclorim 安全剂有可能通过增加植物内的谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶 (GST) 活性来保护植物免受除草剂的植物毒性。该研究旨在评估苯诺沙克和芬克罗林对番茄的安全作用，以对抗选定的 POST 应用除草剂。该实验在温室中进行，采用完全随机设计，采用 9 × 3 因子方案进行四次重复，其中因子 A 由八种除草剂组成，包括未经处理的对照，因子 B 由两种安全剂组成，包括未经处理的对照。除草剂处理为磺草胺（0.220 kg ai ha-1), fomesafen (0.280 kg ai ha-1), 氟咪嗪 (0.070 kg ai ha-1), linuron (1.200 kg ai ha-1), metribuzin (0.840 kg ai ha-1), pyroxasulfone (0.220 kg ai ha-1) 和双环吡喃酮 (0.040 kg ai ha-1）。更安全的治疗包括 benoxacor (0.67 g L-1) 和 fenclorim (10 µM)。播种前将番茄种子浸泡在安全溶液中，并在番茄植株处于三叶期或播种后25天时施用除草剂。在施用后 3、7、14 和 21 天（DAA）对可见损伤进行评分，并在 21 DAA 记录枝条生物量。用芬克罗林处理种子可将咪草啶酸和双环吡喃酮的损伤分别降低 5.5 倍和 1.3 倍，而苯诺沙克可将双环吡喃酮的损伤降低 1.3 倍。此外，用芬氯林预处理的番茄植物在施用咪草啶酸、氟虫胺和灭草菌素后生物量减少较少，而用苯诺沙克预处理的植物在施用灭草菌素后生物量减少较少。因此，使用安全剂可以提高作物选择性，