In animals, the early-life environment influences growth and development, which can have lasting effects on life history and fitness into adulthood. We investigated the patterns of growth, pupal development time, and their covariation in Protopiophila litigata Bonduriansky (Diptera: Piophilidae) larvae of both sexes collected from three discarded moose (Alces alces (Linnaeus) (Artiodactyla: Cervidae)) antlers of varying size, chewing damage (used to infer relative age), and P. litigata density. Males tended to be smaller and their pupation lasted longer than females. One of the antlers was highly attractive to adult P. litigata, whereas the other two attracted few or none. Individuals from one antler of low attractiveness were smaller and took longer to eclose than individuals from either other antler, perhaps due to its high larval density. The relationship between body size and pupal development time also differed among antlers, being positively correlated in the most attractive antler and negatively correlated in the two other antlers.

在动物中，生命早期环境会影响生长和发育，这可能对生命史和成年后的适应能力产生持久影响。我们调查了从三个大小不一，咀嚼的鹿角收集的三只废弃驼鹿（Alces alces（Linnaeus）（Artiodactyla：Cervidae））鹿角收集的两性雌性Protopiophila litigata Bonduriansky（Diptera：Piophilidae）幼虫的生长模式，p发育时间及其协变损害（用于推断相对年龄）和 斜纹李。雄性趋于变小，化脓的持续时间长于雌性。一只鹿角对成年P. litigata极具吸引力，而另外两个则很少或根本没有吸引。来自一个低吸引力的鹿角的个体比另一个鹿角的个体更小，花的时间更长，这可能是由于其幼虫密度高。鹿角的大小与and发育时间之间的关系也不同，最吸引人的鹿角呈正相关，而其他两个鹿角则呈负相关。