Assuming horizontal differentiation and using an expanded gravity model, the main objective of this article is to assess the determinants of Portuguese wine exports. Horizontal differentiation is considered, with still and fortified wines being distinguished, as well as three distinct designations of origin: Vinho Verde, Douro, and Port wines. The results from the period between 2006 and 2016 suggest that wineries and private and public agencies should focus their commercial and policy efforts on countries with high purchasing power and/or with great potential for growth, regardless of whether the customs costs are higher. Moreover, it is concluded that horizontal differentiation influences the export determinants, suggesting there should exist different internationalization strategies for distinct types of wine. (JEL Classifications: F10, F14, L66)

中文翻译：

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葡萄酒出口的横向差异和决定因素：来自葡萄牙的证据

假设横向分化并使用扩展的重力模型，本文的主要目的是评估葡萄牙葡萄酒出口的决定因素。考虑横向差异，区分静止和加强葡萄酒，以及三种不同的原产地名称：维尼奥、杜罗和波特酒。2006 年至 2016 年期间的结果表明，无论海关成本是否更高，酿酒厂以及私人和公共机构都应将其商业和政策努力集中在具有高购买力和/或具有巨大增长潜力的国家。此外，得出的结论是横向差异会影响出口决定因素，这表明对于不同类型的葡萄酒应该存在不同的国际化战略。（JEL 分类：F10、F14、L66）