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Aromatic Cytokinin Arabinosides Promote PAMP-like Responses and Positively Regulate Leaf Longevity.
ACS Chemical Biology ( IF 3.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-10 , DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00306 Magdaléna Bryksová 1 , Siarhei Dabravolski 2 , Zuzana Kučerová 3 , Filip Zavadil Kokáš 2, 4 , Martina Špundová 3 , Lucie Plíhalová 1, 5 , Tomáš Takáč 6 , Jiří Grúz 5 , Martin Hudeček 5 , Veronika Hloušková 5 , Radoslav Koprna 1 , Ondřej Novák 5 , Miroslav Strnad 5 , Ondřej Plíhal 2, 5 , Karel Doležal 1, 5
ACS Chemical Biology ( IF 3.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-10 , DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00306 Magdaléna Bryksová 1 , Siarhei Dabravolski 2 , Zuzana Kučerová 3 , Filip Zavadil Kokáš 2, 4 , Martina Špundová 3 , Lucie Plíhalová 1, 5 , Tomáš Takáč 6 , Jiří Grúz 5 , Martin Hudeček 5 , Veronika Hloušková 5 , Radoslav Koprna 1 , Ondřej Novák 5 , Miroslav Strnad 5 , Ondřej Plíhal 2, 5 , Karel Doležal 1, 5
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Cytokinins are plant hormones with biological functions ranging from coordination of plant growth to the regulation of biotic and abiotic stress-related responses and senescence. The components of the plant immune system can learn from past elicitations by microbial pathogens and herbivores and adapt to new threats. It is known that plants can enter the primed state of enhanced defense induced by either natural or synthetic compounds. While the involvement of cytokinins in defense priming has been documented, no comprehensive model of their action has been provided to date. Here, we report the functional characterization of two aromatic cytokinin derivatives, 6-benzylaminopurine-9-arabinosides (BAPAs), 3-methoxy-BAPA and 3-hydroxy-BAPA, that proved to be effective in delaying senescence in detached leaves while having low interactions with the cytokinin pathway. An RNA-seq profiling study on Arabidopsis leaves treated with 3-methoxy-BAPA revealed that short and extended treatments with this compound shifted the transcriptional response markedly toward defense. Both treatments revealed upregulation of genes involved in processes associated with plant innate immunity such as cell wall remodeling and upregulation of specific MAP kinases, most importantly MPK11, which is a MAPK module involved in stress-related signaling during the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) response. In addition, elevated levels of JA and its metabolites, jasmonate/ethylene-driven upregulation of PLANT DEFENSIN 1.2 (PDF1.2) and other defensins, and also temporarily elevated levels of reactive oxygen species marked the plant response to 3-methoxy-BAPA treatment. Synergistic interactions were observed when plants were cotreated with 3-hydroxy-BAPA and the flagellin-derived bacterial PAMP peptide (flg22), leading to the enhanced expression of the PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) marker gene FRK1. Our data collectively show that some BAPAs can sensitively prime the PTI responses in a low micromolar range of concentrations while having no observable negative effects on the overall fitness of the plant.
中文翻译：
芳香细胞分裂素阿拉伯糖苷可促进PAMP样反应并积极调节叶片寿命。
细胞分裂素是具有生物功能的植物激素，其范围从植物生长的协调到生物和非生物胁迫相关反应和衰老的调节。植物免疫系统的组成部分可以从过去对微生物病原体和草食动物的启发中学习，并适应新的威胁。已知植物可以进入由天然或合成化合物诱导的增强防御的启动状态。虽然已有文献证明细胞分裂素参与了防御启动，但迄今为止尚未提供其作用的全面模型。在这里，我们报告了两种芳香族细胞分裂素衍生物，6-苄氨基嘌呤-9-阿拉伯糖苷（BAPA），3-甲氧基-BAPA和3-羟基-BAPA的功能表征，事实证明，这种方法可有效延缓离体叶片的衰老，同时与细胞分裂素途径的相互作用较低。RNA序列分析研究用3-甲氧基-BAPA处理的拟南芥叶显示，用该化合物进行的短期和长期处理均使转录反应明显向防御方向移动。两种处理都揭示了与植物固有免疫相关的基因的上调，如细胞壁重塑和特定MAP激酶的上调，最重要的是MPK11，MPK11是一种MAPK模块，参与病原体相关分子模式（PAMPs）的胁迫相关信号传导。 ）响应。此外，JA及其代谢产物水平升高，茉莉酸酯/乙烯驱动植物防御素1.2的上调（PDF1.2）和其他防御素，以及暂时升高的活性氧水平，标志着植物对3-甲氧基-BAPA处理的反应。当将植物用3-羟基-BAPA和鞭毛蛋白衍生的细菌PAMP肽（flg22）共同处理时，观察到协同相互作用，从而增强了PAMP触发的免疫（PTI）标记基因FRK1的表达。我们的数据共同表明，一些BAPA可以在低微摩尔浓度范围内灵敏地引发PTI反应，而对植物的整体适应性没有明显的负面影响。
更新日期：2020-07-17
中文翻译：
芳香细胞分裂素阿拉伯糖苷可促进PAMP样反应并积极调节叶片寿命。
细胞分裂素是具有生物功能的植物激素，其范围从植物生长的协调到生物和非生物胁迫相关反应和衰老的调节。植物免疫系统的组成部分可以从过去对微生物病原体和草食动物的启发中学习，并适应新的威胁。已知植物可以进入由天然或合成化合物诱导的增强防御的启动状态。虽然已有文献证明细胞分裂素参与了防御启动，但迄今为止尚未提供其作用的全面模型。在这里，我们报告了两种芳香族细胞分裂素衍生物，6-苄氨基嘌呤-9-阿拉伯糖苷（BAPA），3-甲氧基-BAPA和3-羟基-BAPA的功能表征，事实证明，这种方法可有效延缓离体叶片的衰老，同时与细胞分裂素途径的相互作用较低。RNA序列分析研究用3-甲氧基-BAPA处理的拟南芥叶显示，用该化合物进行的短期和长期处理均使转录反应明显向防御方向移动。两种处理都揭示了与植物固有免疫相关的基因的上调，如细胞壁重塑和特定MAP激酶的上调，最重要的是MPK11，MPK11是一种MAPK模块，参与病原体相关分子模式（PAMPs）的胁迫相关信号传导。 ）响应。此外，JA及其代谢产物水平升高，茉莉酸酯/乙烯驱动植物防御素1.2的上调（PDF1.2）和其他防御素，以及暂时升高的活性氧水平，标志着植物对3-甲氧基-BAPA处理的反应。当将植物用3-羟基-BAPA和鞭毛蛋白衍生的细菌PAMP肽（flg22）共同处理时，观察到协同相互作用，从而增强了PAMP触发的免疫（PTI）标记基因FRK1的表达。我们的数据共同表明，一些BAPA可以在低微摩尔浓度范围内灵敏地引发PTI反应，而对植物的整体适应性没有明显的负面影响。
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