Abstract During the decade of the 1940’s, an interferometric technique was sought capable of ameliorating the intrinsic aberrations present in electron microscopes. Such technique, used with ad-hoc experimental conditions, gave birth to the field of holography. The capabilities of holography allow the precise reconstruction of a wavefront distorted by a particular sample under observation. At that time, the practical demonstration of holography remained unexplored due to the lack of either photon or electron coherent sources. Two remarkable developments came into being in the 1960’s: the invention of the laser and the introduction of the first video cameras. Then with the use of both technological breakthroughs at that time and the gathering of data from fringe patterns stored by computers, it was possible to measure dynamic object properties. Nearly half a century has passed and today holography has evolved as an enormously reach subject that serves the scientific, academic, technology and engineering communities in ever increasing areas of application. In this paper we will present some of the breakthroughs throughout the course of the last fifty years of holography, a journey that smoothed and boost over the development of digital holographic interferometry and digital holographic microscopy in the last decades. The contributions of holography today are almost countless since it is possible to reconstruct the intensity and phase of electromagnetic fields that in turn can be stored, transmitted, manipulated and analyzed in a computer. Finally, we will review research studies on changes in the refractive index in transparent media that opened the gate for bio and medical applications; as well as the state of the art in applications on object surface deformation and strain analysis, surface shape measurement, microscopy and flows in liquids and gases.

中文翻译：

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DHI 当代方法论：回顾和前沿

摘要 在 1940 年代的十年间，人们寻求能够改善电子显微镜中存在的固有像差的干涉测量技术。这种技术在特殊实验条件下使用，催生了全息术领域。全息术的能力允许精确重建被观察下的特定样本扭曲的波前。当时，由于缺乏光子或电子相干源，全息的实际演示仍未被探索。1960 年代出现了两个显着的发展：激光的发明和第一台摄像机的引入。然后利用当时的技术突破和从计算机存储的条纹图案中收集数据，可以测量动态物体的属性。近半个世纪过去了，今天全息术已经发展成为一个影响巨大的学科，在不断增加的应用领域为科学、学术、技术和工程社区服务。在本文中，我们将介绍过去 50 年全息术过程中的一些突破，这一旅程在过去几十年中平滑和推动了数字全息干涉测量和数字全息显微镜的发展。今天全息术的贡献几乎是无数的，因为它可以重建电磁场的强度和相位，而电磁场又可以在计算机中存储、传输、操作和分析。最后，我们将回顾为生物和医学应用打开大门的透明介质中折射率变化的研究；