As Virtual reality (VR) is increasingly used in neurological disorders such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, or attention deficit disorder, the question of how it impacts the brain’s neuronal activity and function becomes essential. VR can be combined with neuroimaging to offer invaluable insight into how the targeted brain areas respond to stimulation during neurorehabilitation training. That, in turn, could eventually serve as a predictive marker for therapeutic success. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) identified neuronal activity related to blood flow to reveal with a high spatial resolution how activation patterns change, and restructuring occurs after VR training. Portable and quiet, electroencephalography (EEG) conveniently allows the clinician to track spontaneous electrical brain activity in high temporal resolution. Then, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) combines the spatial precision level of fMRIs with the portability and high temporal resolution of EEG to constitute an ideal measuring tool in virtual environments (VEs). This narrative review explores the role of VR and concurrent neuroimaging in cognitive rehabilitation.

随着虚拟现实（VR）越来越多地用于中风，脑外伤或注意力缺陷疾病等神经系统疾病中，其如何影响大脑神经元活动和功能的问题变得至关重要。VR可以与神经影像技术结合使用，以提供宝贵的洞察力，以了解神经康复训练过程中目标大脑区域如何响应刺激。反过来，这最终可以用作治疗成功的预测指标。功能磁共振成像（fMRI）识别了与血流有关的神经元活动，以高空间分辨率揭示了激活模式如何变化以及VR训练后发生了重组。脑电图（EEG）便携式且安静，方便地使临床医生以高时间分辨率跟踪自发性脑电活动。然后，功能近红外光谱（fNIRS）将功能磁共振成像的空间精度水平与脑电图的便携性和高时间分辨率结合在一起，构成了虚拟环境（VE）中的理想测量工具。这篇叙述性综述探讨了VR和并发神经影像在认知康复中的作用。