Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) are a major threat to human and environmental health. As global proliferation of CyanoHABs continues to increase in prevalence, intensity, and toxicity, it is important to identify and integrate the underlying causes and controls of blooms in order to develop effective short- and long-term mitigation strategies. Clearly, nutrient input reductions should receive high priority. Legacy effects of multi-decadal anthropogenic eutrophication have altered limnetic systems such that there has been a shift from exclusive phosphorus (P) limitation to nitrogen (N) limitation and N and P co-limitation. Additionally, climate change is driving CyanoHAB proliferation through increasing global temperatures and altered precipitation patterns, including more extreme rainfall events and protracted droughts. These scenarios have led to the “perfect storm scenario”; increases in pulsed nutrient loading events, followed by persistent low-flow, long water residence times, favoring bloom formation and proliferation. To meet the CyanoHAB mitigation challenge, we must: (1) Formulate watershed and airshed-specific N and P input reductions on a sliding scale to meet anthropogenic and climatic forcings. (2) Develop CyanoHAB management strategies that incorporate current and anticipated climatic changes and extremes. (3) Make nutrient management strategies compatible with other physical-chemical-biological mitigation approaches, such as altering freshwater flow and flushing, dredging, chemical applications, introduction of selective grazers, etc. (4) Target CyanoHAB toxin production and developing management approaches to reduce toxin production. (5) Develop broadly applicable long-term strategies that incorporate the above recommendations.

蓝藻有害藻华 (CyanoHAB) 是对人类和环境健康的主要威胁。随着 CyanoHAB 在全球范围内扩散的流行程度、强度和毒性不断增加，识别和整合水华的根本原因和控制措施非常重要，以便制定有效的短期和长期缓解策略。显然，减少养分投入应受到高度重视。几十年来人为富营养化的遗留影响已经改变了湖沼系统，从单一的磷（P）限制转变为氮（N）限制以及N和P共同限制。此外，气候变化通过全球气温升高和降水模式改变（包括更极端的降雨事件和长期干旱）正在推动 CyanoHAB 的扩散。这些情景导致了“完美风暴情景”；脉冲式养分负荷事件增加，随后是持续的低流量、较长的水停留时间，有利于水华形成和增殖。为了应对 CyanoHAB 缓解挑战，我们必须： (1) 按滑动比例制定流域和空气流域特定的 N 和 P 输入减少量，以满足人为和气候强迫。 (2) 制定 CyanoHAB 管理策略，纳入当前和预期的气候变化和极端情况。 (3) 使养分管理策略与其他物理-化学-生物缓解方法相兼容，例如改变淡水流量和冲洗、疏浚、化学施用、引入选择性放牧动物等。 (4) 以 CyanoHAB 毒素生产为目标并制定管理方法减少毒素的产生。 (5) 制定包含上述建议的广泛适用的长期战略。