Abstract The space medicine literature reports changes in neurological systems of astronauts after spaceflight, which has caused understandable concern. Rehabilitative medicine provides a preliminary context to address these changes and creative efforts in preflight training and post-flight remediation have resulted. Research can now begin to determine the neurological changes that are most and least debilitating, the most and least reversible, and which can be tolerated as an adaptation to space. It is not yet known which changes will require remediation with the help of human enhancements, or the type (genetic, pharmacological, prosthetic) when crew venture on long voyages to Mars, the asteroids, and outer planets. Absent from the discussion to date is the biological basis for neuroplastic changes in spaceflight—genetic, developmental, and evolutionary—especially insights from genomics experts and paleobiologists that suggest advantages. Humans are flexible, adaptive, and in many ways, well suited for space with the help of enhancements. Their neurological plasticity provides an almost unique foundation in the animal kingdom for genetic engineering, medication management, and remediation, so enhancements can be integrated naturally into human bodies, lives, and work. Here, the authors explore the nature of human neuroplasticity as a foundation for use of human enhancements.

中文翻译：

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神经可塑性作为人类空间增强的基础

摘要 航天医学文献报道了航天员航天后神经系统的变化，这引起了人们的关注，这是可以理解的。康复医学为应对这些变化提供了初步背景，并且在飞行前培训和飞行后补救方面的创造性努力已经产生。研究现在可以开始确定最严重和最不使人衰弱、最不可逆和最不可逆的神经系统变化，以及可以作为对空间的适应而被容忍的神经系统变化。目前尚不清楚哪些变化需要借助人类增强功能进行修复，或者当船员冒险前往火星、小行星和外行星进行长途航行时，需要修复哪些类型（遗传、药理学、假肢）。迄今为止的讨论都没有涉及太空飞行中神经可塑性变化的生物学基础——遗传、发育、和进化——尤其是来自基因组学专家和古生物学家的见解表明其优势。人类是灵活的、适应性强的，并且在许多方面非常适合在增强功能的帮助下进入太空。它们的神经可塑性为基因工程、药物管理和修复提供了动物界几乎独一无二的基础，因此增强功能可以自然地融入人体、生活和工作。在这里，作者探索了人类神经可塑性的本质，作为使用人类增强功能的基础。药物管理和修复，因此增强功能可以自然地融入人体、生活和工作中。在这里，作者探索了人类神经可塑性的本质，作为使用人类增强功能的基础。药物管理和修复，因此增强功能可以自然地融入人体、生活和工作中。在这里，作者探索了人类神经可塑性的本质，作为使用人类增强功能的基础。