It remains a significant challenge to fabricate self-healing aerogels with excellent flame retardancy. Herein, we develop a class of biomass aerogels by electrostatically assembling chitosan (CS), phytic acid (PA), and itaconic acid (IA). The electrostatic interaction between CS and IA is weak and dynamic, so freeze-drying the solution of CS and IA enables the formation of continuous aerogel skeleton with self-healing ability and re-programmability; in comparison, the electrostatic interaction between CS and PA is strong and less dynamic, and thus mixing PA with CS in aqueous solution leads to fine precipitates of high flame retardancy due to the synergistic phosphorus-nitrogen effect. Integrating the continuous skeleton and the fine precipitates results in self-healing aerogles with UL-4 V-0 rating of flame retardancy aerogels and auto-extinguishable feature. Interestingly, the aerogels after burning in flame for 30 s form a skin-core structure, and the carbonized skin protects the integrity of the aerogels and the self-healing ability of the internal parts. Therefore, this work provides a facile strategy to develop multi-functional aerogels which hold great promise for advanced applications.

制备具有优异阻燃性的自修复气凝胶仍然是一项重大挑战。在这里，我们通过静电组装壳聚糖（CS），植酸（PA）和衣康酸（IA）开发了一类生物质气凝胶。CS和IA之间的静电相互作用微弱且动态，因此，将CS和IA溶液冷冻干燥可形成具有自愈能力和可重编程性的连续气凝胶骨架。相比之下，CS和PA之间的静电相互作用强且动力学较弱，因此，由于磷氮的协同作用，PA与CS在水溶液中的混合导致了高阻燃性的细小沉淀。将连续的骨架和细小的沉淀物整合在一起，可产生具有UL-4 V-0级阻燃气凝胶和可自动熄灭功能的自修复气雾剂。有趣的是，气凝胶在火焰中燃烧30秒钟后会形成皮芯结构，碳化的皮肤可保护气凝胶的完整性和内部零件的自愈能力。因此，这项工作为开发多功能气凝胶提供了一种简便的策略，这些多功能气凝胶对高级应用具有广阔的前景。