The combined surface and underground mining method is typically used in an open-pit mine for better production and profits. However, the improved scale of mining operations at the combined mining conditions results in even more intensive strata movement and massive ground damages. This paper assesses the progressive development of the characteristics of roof movement with the longwall face advance and its influence on the ground movement at the slope area using physical models. The identification of strata zones at the combined mining conditions is also included. The results show the following: (1) the failure of the competent strong roof creates an inverse arch-shaped rock block structure, which compacts the loose rock fragments in the caved zone; (2) a bed separation occurs above the inverse structure at the top of the disturbed strata configuration and extends upward with the face advance until it approaches the continuous bending zone; (3) more intensive strata movement and ground damages are produced by the large-scale multiseam mining operations, while regular and more distinct strata zones in the disturbed configuration are identified for less intensive single-seam mining; and (4) the intensive and massive underground mining activities increase the slope strata movement at the surface mining side. This research suggests that a less intensive mining activity is preferred in the combined surface and underground mining conditions from the point of view of ground control.

中文翻译：

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露天采矿与地下采矿相结合的露天矿地面运动研究

露天与露天采矿相结合的地面和地下采矿方法通常可提高产量和利润。然而，在联合开采条件下改善的开采规模会导致更密集的地层运动和巨大的地面破坏。本文利用物理模型评估了随着长壁工作面的发展，屋顶运动特征的逐步发展及其对边坡地面运动的影响。还包括组合开采条件下的地层区域识别。结果表明：（1）强力顶板的破坏形成了倒拱形的岩块结构，压实了塌陷区的松动碎石块。（2）床层分离发生在扰动层状构造顶部的反演结构上方，并随着工作面的推进而向上延伸，直到它接近连续弯曲区；（3）大规模的多煤层开采作业会产生更密集的地层运动和地面破坏，而对于扰动性较弱的单层煤层开采，则应确定规则且较明显的地层区域处于扰动形态。（4）密集和大规模的地下采矿活动增加了露天采矿一侧的斜坡地层运动。这项研究表明，从地面控制的角度来看，在地面和地下采矿相结合的条件下，强度较小的采矿活动是首选。（3）大规模的多煤层开采作业会产生更密集的地层运动和地面破坏，而对于扰动性较高的单层煤层开采，则应确定扰动构造中规则的和较明显的地层区域；（4）密集和大规模的地下采矿活动增加了露天采矿一侧的斜坡地层运动。这项研究表明，从地面控制的角度来看，在地面和地下采矿相结合的条件下，强度较小的采矿活动是首选。（3）大规模的多煤层开采作业会产生更密集的地层运动和地面破坏，而对于扰动性较弱的单层煤层开采，则应确定规则且较明显的地层区域处于扰动形态。（4）密集和大规模的地下采矿活动增加了露天采矿一侧的斜坡地层运动。这项研究表明，从地面控制的角度来看，在地面和地下采矿相结合的条件下，强度较小的采矿活动是首选。（4）密集和大规模的地下采矿活动增加了露天采矿一侧的斜坡地层运动。这项研究表明，从地面控制的角度来看，在地面和地下采矿相结合的条件下，强度较小的采矿活动是首选。（4）密集和大规模的地下采矿活动增加了露天采矿一侧的斜坡地层运动。这项研究表明，从地面控制的角度来看，在地面和地下采矿相结合的条件下，较低强度的采矿活动是首选。