The biological impact of nanomaterials (NMs) is determined by several factors such as size and shape, which need to be taken into consideration in any type of analysis. While investigators often prefer to conduct in vitro studies for detection of any possible adverse effects of NMs, in vivo approaches yield more relevant data for risk assessment. For this reason, Drosophila melanogaster was selected as a suitable in vivo model to characterize the potential risks associated with exposure nanorods (NRs), nanospheres (NSs), nanowires (NWs) forms of titanium dioxide (TiO₂), and their microparticulated (or bulk) form, as TiO₂. Third instar larvae (72 hr old larvae) were fed with TiO₂ (NRs, NSs, or NWs) and TiO₂ at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10 mM. Viability (toxicity), internalization (cellular uptake), intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and genotoxicity (Comet assay) were the end-points evaluated in hemocyte D. melanogaster larvae. Significant intracellular oxidative stress and genotoxicity were noted at the highest exposure concentration (10 mM) of TiO₂ (NRs, NSs, or NWs), as determined by the Comet assay and ROS analysis, respectively. A concentration–effect relationship was observed in hemocytes exposed to the NMs. Data demonstrated that selected forms of TiO₂.-induced genotoxicity in D. melanogaster larvae hemocytes indicating this organism is susceptible for use as a model to examine in vivo NMs-mediated effects.

纳米材料（NMs）的生物影响取决于几个因素，例如大小和形状，在任何类型的分析中都需要考虑这些因素。尽管研究人员通常喜欢进行体外研究以检测NM的任何可能的不良反应，但体内方法可提供更相关的数据用于风险评估。因此，选择果蝇果蝇作为合适的体内模型，以表征与暴露的纳米棒（NRs），纳米球（NSs），纳米线（NWs）形式的二氧化钛（TiO ₂）及其微粒化（或块状），如TiO ₂。给三龄幼虫（72小时大的幼虫）喂食TiO₂（NRs，NSs或NWs）和TiO ₂的浓度范围为0.01至10 mM。生存力（毒性），内在化（细胞摄取），细胞内活性氧（ROS）产生和遗传毒性（Comet分析）是在血细胞D. melanogaster幼虫中评估的终点。分别通过彗星试验和ROS分析确定，在TiO ₂（NRs，NSs或NWs）的最高暴露浓度（10 mM）时，注意到明显的细胞内氧化应激和遗传毒性。在暴露于NMs的血细胞中观察到浓度-效应关系。数据表明，选择的形式的TiO ₂诱导的D. melanogaster遗传毒性。表明该生物体的幼虫血细胞易于用作检查体内NMs介导作用的模型。