Abstract

Parabens are used as antimicrobial preservatives in a wide range of cosmetics, foodstuffs and pharmaceuticals. There is increasing evidence that has linked paraben exposure to adverse health effects. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the determinants of urinary parabens concentration among Iranian pregnant women. The urinary concentrations of methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben (EtP), propylparaben (PrP), and butylparaben (BuP) were measured among 117 pregnant women at their first trimester. The associations between urinary concentrations of these compounds with different variables were assessed. MeP, EtP, PrP, and BuP were detected with a median concentration of 160.1, 0.04, 7.8, and 7.5 μg/g.cre, respectively. Significant associations were observed between urinary concentrations of MeP and PrP with educational level, between MeP, PrP and BuP with plastic packaging of foodstuffs and physical activity status, and between MeP and sampling season. All the measured parabens were significantly correlated with the use of personal care products. PrP and BuP were found to be correlated to passive smoking and intake of supplements, respectively. MeP and EtP showed negative significant relationships with the consumption of drinking water and MeP concentration correlated with gestational age. According to our findings, Iranian pregnant women are at high risk of exposure to parabens.

抽象的

对羟基苯甲酸酯在多种化妆品，食品和药品中用作抗微生物防腐剂。越来越多的证据表明对羟基苯甲酸酯的暴露与不良健康影响有关。因此，本研究旨在评估伊朗孕妇中对羟基苯甲酸酯浓度的决定因素。在117名孕妇的头三个月中测量了对羟基苯甲酸甲酯（MeP），对羟基苯甲酸乙酯（EtP），对羟基苯甲酸丙酯（PrP）和对羟基苯甲酸丁酯（BuP）的尿液浓度。评估了这些化合物的尿液浓度与不同变量之间的关联。检测到的MeP，EtP，PrP和BuP的中位数浓度分别为160.1、0.04、7.8和7.5μg/ g.cre。观察到MeP和PrP的尿液浓度与受教育程度，MeP，PrP和BuP带有塑料包装的食品和身体活动状况，以及在MeP和采样季节之间。所有测得的对羟基苯甲酸酯均与个人护理产品的使用显着相关。发现PrP和BuP分别与被动吸烟和摄入补品相关。MeP和EtP与饮水量呈负显着关系，而MeP浓度与胎龄有关。根据我们的发现，伊朗孕妇极有可能接触对羟基苯甲酸酯。MeP和EtP与饮水量呈负显着关系，而MeP浓度与胎龄有关。根据我们的发现，伊朗孕妇极有可能接触对羟基苯甲酸酯。MeP和EtP与饮水量呈负显着关系，而MeP浓度与胎龄有关。根据我们的发现，伊朗孕妇极有可能接触对羟基苯甲酸酯。