Dinoflagellates can serve as predators or parasites of tintinnid ciliates. Known predators feed on the ciliate from outside the tintinnid lorica, while parasites either grow in the host cytoplasm or feed inside in the lorica while attached to the outside of the host cell. Here we report mixotrophic species of Scrippsiella that enter the lorica to consume the ciliate zooid of Helicostomella subulata from Denmark and multiple tintinnid species from Korea. We contrast morphology and life-history stages of these mixotrophic predators with dinokaryote parasites of tintinnids and address phylogenetic relationships based on rDNA sequences. Mixotrophic Scrippsiella species sometimes attack tintinnids that are simultaneously infected by syndinean dinoflagellates, complicating study of life histories and potentially leading to confusion about trophic status and taxonomy.

中文翻译：

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Mixotrophic scrippsielloid 鞭毛藻捕食tintinnid 纤毛虫

甲藻可以作为纤毛虫的捕食者或寄生虫。已知的捕食者从 tintinnid lorica 外部以纤毛虫为食，而寄生虫要么在宿主细胞质中生长，要么在附着在宿主细胞外部时在 lorica 内部觅食。在这里，我们报告了进入 lorica 以消耗来自丹麦的 Helicostomella subulata 的纤毛虫类动物和来自韩国的多种 tintinnid 物种的混合营养型 Scrippsiella 物种。我们将这些混养捕食者的形态和生活史阶段与丁丁目双核生物的寄生虫进行了对比，并根据 rDNA 序列解决了系统发育关系。Mixotrophic Sc​​rippsiella 物种有时会攻击同时被syndinean 甲藻感染的tintinnids，