Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the first cause of mortality in Western countries. Among cardiometabolic risk factors, dyslipidemia, and especially high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations, have been extensively linked to the development and progression of atherosclerosis and to CVD events. Recent evidence has shown that the prevention of unhealthy dietary habits and sedentarism is crucial in the management of dyslipidemia. In this sense, a number of scientific societies recommend the adherence to certain healthy dietary patterns (DPs), such as the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), the Portfolio diet, the Vegetarian diet, the Nordic diet and low-carbohydrate diets, as well as increased physical activity between others. This nutritional and lifestyle advice could be adopted by government bodies and implemented in different health programs as a reliable way of providing health-care professionals with efficient tools to manage cardiometabolic risk factors and thus, prevent CVD. In this narrative review, we will discuss recent data about the effects of nutrition on dyslipidemia, mainly focusing on high LDL-C concentrations and other lipid particles related to atherogenic dyslipidemia such as triglycerides (TG) and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), that are related to CVD. On the other hand, we also comment on other cardiometabolic risk factors such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), high blood pressure (HBP), inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. This review includes food groups as well as different healthy DPs.

摘要

心血管疾病（CVD）仍然是西方国家死亡的首要原因。在心脏代谢危险因素中，血脂异常，尤其是低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (LDL-C) 浓度高，与动脉粥样硬化的发展和进展以及 CVD 事件密切相关。最近的证据表明，预防不健康的饮食习惯和久坐不动对于血脂异常的管理至关重要。从这个意义上说，许多科学学会建议坚持某些健康饮食模式 (DPs)，例如地中海饮食 (MedDiet)、阻止高血压的饮食方法 (DASH)、组合饮食、素食饮食、北欧饮食饮食和低碳水化合物饮食，以及其他人之间增加的身体活动。这种营养和生活方式建议可以被政府机构采纳，并在不同的健康计划中实施，作为向医疗保健专业人员提供有效工具来管理心脏代谢危险因素从而预防心血管疾病的可靠方式。在这篇叙述性综述中，我们将讨论有关营养对血脂异常影响的最新数据，主要关注高 LDL-C 浓度和其他与致动脉粥样硬化血脂异常相关的脂质颗粒，如甘油三酯 (TG) 和非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（非HDL-C)，与心血管疾病有关。另一方面，我们还评论了其他心脏代谢危险因素，如 2 型糖尿病 (T2DM)、高血压 (HBP)、炎症和内皮功能障碍。该审查包括食物组以及不同的健康 DP。