This study investigates whether fathers’ adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and attachment style reported during pregnancy predict fathers’ perception of child behavior assessed 12 months postpartum, expressed by the Parenting Stress Index (PSI), Child Domain. Prospective fathers (N = 835) were recruited to “The Little in Norway (LiN) study” (Moe & Smith) at nine well‐baby clinics in Norway, with data collection composed of five time points during pregnancy and two time points postpartum (6 and 12 months). The main analyses included linear regression, path‐analysis modeling, and intraclass correlation based on mixed effects modeling. First, linear regression analyses showed that neither fathers’ ACE nor attachment style significantly predicted perceived child behavior postpartum directly. Furthermore, path analyses showed that ACE and less secure attachment style (especially avoidant attachment) measured early in pregnancy strongly predicted negatively perceived child behavior, mediated by fathers’ mental health symptoms during pregnancy and partner disharmony postpartum. Second, intraclass correlation analyses showed that fathers’ perceived child behavior showed substantial stability between 6 and 12 months postpartum. Family interventions beginning in pregnancy may be most beneficial given that fathers’ early experiences and perceptions of attachment in pregnancy were associated with later partner disharmony and stress.

中文翻译：

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父亲在孩子12个月大时对孩子行为的看法。

这项研究调查了父亲在怀孕期间的不良童年经历（ACE）和依恋方式是否能预测父亲对产后12个月评估的儿童行为的感知，这由育儿压力指数（PSI）（儿童领域）表示。准父亲（Ñ = 835）被招募到挪威的9家良好诊所的“挪威小女孩（LiN）研究”（Moe＆Smith），其数据收集包括怀孕期间的五个时间点和产后两个时间点（6和12个月） ）。主要分析包括线性回归，路径分析建模和基于混合效应建模的类内相关性。首先，线性回归分析表明，父亲的ACE和依恋方式都不能直接直接预测产后儿童的感知行为。此外，路径分析显示，ACE和怀孕初期测量的较不安全的依恋方式（尤其是回避依恋）强烈预测了儿童的负面感知行为，这是由父亲在怀孕期间的心理健康症状和产后伴侣不和谐引起的。第二，组内相关分析表明，父亲在产后6到12个月内所感知的孩子行为表现出了相当大的稳定性。考虑到父亲的早期经历和对怀孕的依恋感与后来的伴侣不和谐和压力有关，从怀孕开始的家庭干预可能是最有益的。