In geography, invariant aspects of sketches are essential to study because they reflect the human perception of real‐world places. A person's perception of a place can be expressed in sketches. In this article, we quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed the characteristics of single objects and characteristics among objects in sketches and the real world to find reliable invariants that can be used to establish references/correspondences between sketch and world in a matching process. These characteristics include category, shape, name, and relative size of each object. Moreover, quantity and spatial relationships—such as topological, ordering, and location relationships—among all objects are also analyzed to assess consistency between sketched and actual places. The approach presented in this study extracts the reliable invariants for query‐by‐sketch and prioritizes their relevance for a sketch‐map matching process.

中文翻译：

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提取草图的不变特征：朝草图进行位置查询

在地理学中，草图的不变性对于研究至关重要，因为它们反映了人类对现实世界的感知。一个人对某个地方的感知可以用草图表达。在本文中，我们定量和定性地分析了草图和现实世界中单个对象的特征以及对象之间的特征，以找到可靠的不变量，这些可靠的不变量可用于在匹配过程中建立草图和世界之间的参照/对应关系。这些特征包括每个对象的类别，形状，名称和相对大小。此外，还分析了所有对象之间的数量和空间关系（例如拓扑，顺序和位置关系），以评估草图和实际位置之间的一致性。