Abstract Worldwide, MPA practitioners are increasing adopting evidence-based management over anecdote and intuition. One of the most commonly promoted approaches is to monitor the status and trends of performance indicators and modify management when the status of an indicator is inconsistent with a target. But the challenge with indicator-based approaches is interpretation in the absence of an experimental (true or quasi) design. A more structured approach with greater inferential strength because the implicit adoption of experimental elements into the sampling design is the adaptive management approach promoted by Walters (1986). Another difference between adaptive management and indicator-based approaches is that the latter leads to reactive management interventions rather than evaluating alternative management options even in the absence of management failure. Unfortunately, adaptive management can be challenging to adopt in a scientifically rigorous way for at least two reasons. First, the cost to undertake large-scale experimental manipulations can be substantial. Second, stakeholders, such as commercial fishers or traditional villagers, may be unwilling to modify their livelihoods for experimental purposes even if learnings may result in more sustainable and cost-effective use of resources. As argued convincingly by one proponent of evidence-based management, adaptive management may still be applied efficiently to routine management activities. Routine management activities inside MPAs can include enforcement, raising environmental awareness amongst visitors, guiding visitors, installing vessel moorings and developing snorkel trails or nature trails through sensitive coastal vegetation. Applying adaptive management to these activities could lead to more scientifically sound and efficient management outcomes.

中文翻译：

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海洋保护区背景下的适应性管理：实施的挑战和机遇

摘要 在世界范围内，MPA 从业者越来越多地采用基于证据的管理而不是轶事和直觉。最常用的方法之一是监控绩效指标的状态和趋势，并在指标状态与目标不一致时修改管理。但基于指标的方法面临的挑战是在缺乏实验（真实或准）设计的情况下进行解释。由于在抽样设计中隐含地采用了实验元素，因此具有更强推理能力的结构化方法是 Walters (1986) 提倡的适应性管理方法。适应性管理和基于指标的方法之间的另一个区别是，后者导致反应性管理干预，而不是在没有管理失败的情况下评估替代管理选项。不幸的是，出于至少两个原因，以科学严谨的方式采用适应性管理可能具有挑战性。首先，进行大规模实验操作的成本可能很高。其次，利益相关者，如商业渔民或传统村民，可能不愿意为实验目的改变他们的生计，即使学习可能导致更可持续和更具成本效益的资源使用。正如一位循证管理支持者令人信服地争论的那样，适应性管理仍然可以有效地应用于日常管理活动。MPA 内的日常管理活动可以包括执法、提高游客的环境意识、引导游客、安装船只停泊处以及通过敏感的沿海植被开发浮潜小径或自然小径。将适应性管理应用于这些活动可以带来更科学、更有效的管理结果。