Modulation of immune responses by nutrients is an important area of study in cellular biology and clinical sciences in the context of cancer therapies and anti-pathogen-directed immune responses in health and disease. We review metabolic pathways that influence immune cell function and cellular persistence in chronic infections. We also highlight the role of nutrients in altering the tissue microenvironment with lessons from the tumor microenvironment that shapes the quality and quantity of cellular immune responses. Multiple layers of biological networks, including the nature of nutritional supplements, the genetic background, previous exposures, and gut microbiota status have impact on cellular performance and immune competence against molecularly defined targets. We discuss how immune metabolism determines the differentiation pathway of antigen-specific immune cells and how these insights can be explored to devise better strategies to strengthen anti-pathogen-directed immune responses, while curbing unwanted, non-productive inflammation.

中文翻译：

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免疫代谢：抗原导向的细胞免疫反应的新见解和教训。

在健康和疾病的癌症治疗和抗病原体定向免疫反应的背景下，营养物质对免疫反应的调节是细胞生物学和临床科学的一个重要研究领域。我们回顾了影响慢性感染中免疫细胞功能和细胞持久性的代谢途径。我们还根据肿瘤微环境塑造细胞免疫反应的质量和数量的经验教训，强调营养物质在改变组织微环境中的作用。多层生物网络，包括营养补充剂的性质、遗传背景、之前的暴露情况和肠道微生物群状态，都会影响细胞性能和针对分子定义目标的免疫能力。我们讨论免疫代谢如何决定抗原特异性免疫细胞的分化途径，以及如何探索这些见解以设计更好的策略来加强抗病原体导向的免疫反应，同时抑制不需要的非生产性炎症。