Despite the positive achievements attained, the treatment of male urethral strictures and hypospadiases still remains a challenge, particularly in cases of severe urethral defects. Complications and the need for additional interventions in such cases are common. Also, shortage of autologous tissue for graft harvesting and significant morbidity in the location of harvesting present problems and often lead to staged treatment. Tissue engineering provides a promising alternative to the current sources of grafts for urethroplasty. Since the first experiments in urethral substitution with tissue engineered grafts, this topic in regenerative medicine has grown remarkably, as many different types of tissue-engineered grafts and approaches in graft design have been suggested and tested in vivo. However, there have been only a few clinical trials of tissue-engineered grafts in urethral substitution, involving hardly more than a hundred patients overall. This indicates that the topic is still in its inception, and the search for the best graft design is continuing. The current review focuses on the state of the art in urethral regeneration with tissue engineering technology. It gives a comprehensive overview of the components of the tissue-engineered graft and an overview of the steps in graft development. Different cell sources, types of scaffolds, assembling approaches, options for vascularization enhancement and preclinical models are considered.

尽管取得了积极的成就，但男性尿道狭窄和尿道下裂的治疗仍然是一个挑战，特别是在严重的尿道缺陷的情况下。在这种情况下，并发症和需要额外干预的情况很常见。此外，用于移植物采集的自体组织的短缺和采集位置的显着发病率存在问题并且通常导致分期治疗。组织工程为目前用于尿道成形术的移植物来源提供了一种有前途的替代方案。自从第一次用组织工程移植物进行尿道替代实验以来，再生医学中的这一主题已经显着增长，因为已经提出了许多不同类型的组织工程移植物和移植物设计方法并在体内进行了测试. 然而，只有少数组织工程移植物用于尿道替代的临床试验，总共涉及不到 100 名患者。这表明该主题仍处于起步阶段，并且仍在继续寻找最佳嫁接设计。目前的综述重点关注组织工程技术在尿道再生方面的最新进展。它全面概述了组织工程移植物的组成部分，并概述了移植物开发的步骤。考虑了不同的细胞来源、支架类型、组装方法、血管化增强选项和临床前模型。