Physiological acclimation has the potential to improve survival during climate change by reducing sensitivity to warming. However, acclimation can produce trade-offs due to links between related physiological traits. Water loss and gas exchange are intrinsically linked by the need for respiratory surfaces to remain moist. As climates warm and dry, organisms may attempt to lower desiccation risk by limiting water loss but at a cost of inhibiting their ability to breathe. Here we used laboratory experiments to evaluate the trade-off between water loss and gas exchange in a fully terrestrial, lungless salamander (Plethodon metcalfi). We measured acclimation of resistance to water loss and metabolic rates in response to long-term exposure to temperature and humidity treatments. We then integrated the trade-off into a simulation-based species distribution model to determine the consequences of ignoring physiological trade-offs on energy balance and aerobic scope under climate change. In the laboratory, we found a close association between acclimation of resistance to water loss and metabolic rates indicative of a trade-off. After incorporating the trade-off into our simulations, we found that energy balance and aerobic scope were reduced by 49.7% and 34.3%, respectively, under contemporary climates across their geographic range. Under future warming scenarios, incorporating the trade-off lowered the number of sites predicted to experience local extirpation by 52.2% relative to simulations without the trade-off; however, the number of sites capable of supporting the energetic requirements for reproduction declined from 44.6% to 32.6% across the species' geographic range. These experiments and simulations suggest that salamanders can maintain positive energy balance across their geographic range under climate change despite the costs associated with trade-offs between water loss and gas exchange.

中文翻译：

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尽管失水与气体交换之间存在权衡取舍，但陆地Climate在气候变化下仍能保持适宜的生境。

生理适应可以通过降低对变暖的敏感性来提高气候变化期间的生存能力。然而，由于相关生理特性之间的联系，适应可能会产生取舍。水分和气体交换与保持呼吸表面湿润的内在联系在一起。随着气候变暖和干燥，生物体可能会试图通过限制水分流失来降低干燥风险，但会以抑制其呼吸能力为代价。在这里，我们使用实验室实验来评估完全陆地无肺sal（Plethodon metcalfi）的水分损失和气体交换之间的平衡。我们测量了长期暴露于温度和湿度条件下对水分流失和代谢率的抵抗能力。然后，我们将折衷方案整合到基于模拟的物种分布模型中，以确定在气候变化下忽略生理折衷方案对能量平衡和有氧范围的影响。在实验室中，我们发现对水分流失的抗性适应性与表明折衷的代谢速率之间存在密切联系。将折衷考虑进我们的模拟之后，我们发现在当代气候范围内，其能量平衡和有氧运动范围分别减少了49.7％和34.3％。在未来变暖的情况下，考虑到折衷，相对于没有折衷的模拟，预计将遭受局部灭绝​​的站点数量减少了52.2％；但是，能够满足精力旺盛的繁殖需求的地点数量从44个下降。在该物种的地理范围内为6％至32.6％。这些实验和模拟表明，sal鱼可以在气候变化下在其整个地理范围内保持正能量平衡，尽管要付出损失水和气体交换之间的权衡代价。