Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health challenge, affecting as much as 8 to 18% of the world population. Identifying childhood risk factors for future CKD may help clinicians make early diagnoses and initiation of preventive interventions for CKD and its attendant comorbidities as well as monitoring for complications. The purpose of this review is to describe childhood risk factors that may predict development of overt kidney disease later in life. Currently, there are multiple childhood risk factors associated with future onset and progression of CKD. These risk factors can be grouped into five categories: genetic factors (e.g., monogenic or risk alleles), perinatal factors (e.g., low birth weight and prematurity), childhood kidney diseases (e.g., congenital anomalies, glomerular diseases, and renal cystic ciliopathies), childhood onset of chronic conditions (e.g., cancer, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity), and different lifestyle factors (e.g., physical activity, diet, and factors related to socioeconomic status). The available published information suggests that the lifelong risk for CKD can be attributed to multiple factors that appear already during childhood. However, results are conflicting on the effects of childhood physical activity, diet, and dyslipidemia on future renal function. On the other hand, there is consistent evidence to support follow-up of high-risk groups.

中文翻译：

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儿童期成年慢性肾脏疾病的危险因素。

慢性肾脏病（CKD）是一项重大的公共卫生挑战，影响了全球8％至18％的人口。识别出未来CKD的儿童期危险因素可能有助于临床医生对CKD及其伴随的合并症进行早期诊断和预防性干预，并监测并发症。这篇综述的目的是描述儿童期的危险因素，这些因素可能会预测晚年出现明显的肾脏疾病。当前，有多种儿童危险因素与CKD的未来发作和发展有关。这些危险因素可分为五类：遗传因素（例如，单基因或危险等位基因），围产期因素（例如，低出生体重和早产），儿童肾脏疾病（例如，先天性异常，肾小球疾病和肾囊性纤毛病） ，儿童期慢性病（如癌症，糖尿病，高血压，血脂异常和肥胖）的发作，以及不同的生活方式因素（如体育活动，饮食和与社会经济状况有关的因素）。现有的公开信息表明，CKD的终生风险可归因于儿童时期已经出现的多种因素。但是，结果与儿童体育锻炼，饮食和血脂异常对未来肾功能的影响相矛盾。另一方面，有一致的证据支持对高危人群的随访。现有的公开信息表明，CKD的终生风险可归因于儿童时期已经出现的多种因素。但是，结果与儿童体育锻炼，饮食和血脂异常对未来肾功能的影响相矛盾。另一方面，有一致的证据支持对高危人群的随访。现有的公开信息表明，CKD的终生风险可归因于儿童时期已经出现的多种因素。但是，结果与儿童体育锻炼，饮食和血脂异常对未来肾功能的影响相矛盾。另一方面，有一致的证据支持对高危人群的随访。