The influence of the microbiota on viral infection susceptibility and disease outcome is undisputable although varies among viruses. The purpose of understanding the interactions between microbiota, virus, and host is to identify practical, effective, and safe approaches that target microbiota for the prevention and treatment of viral diseases in humans and animals, as currently there are few effective and reliable antiviral therapies available. The initial step for achieving this goal is to gather clinical evidences, focusing on the viral pathogens—from human and animal studies—that have already been shown to interact with microbiota. The subsequent step is to identify mechanisms, through experimental evidences, to support the development of translational applications that target microbiota. In this chapter, we review evidences of virus infections altering microbiota and of microbiota enhancing or suppressing infectivity, altering host susceptibility to certain viral diseases, and influencing vaccine immunogenicity in humans and farm animals.

尽管病毒之间存在差异，但微生物群对病毒感染易感性和疾病结果的影响是无可争议的。了解微生物群，病毒和宿主之间相互作用的目的是确定针对微生物群的实用，有效和安全的方法，以预防和治疗人类和动物的病毒性疾病，因为目前几乎没有有效且可靠的抗病毒疗法。实现此目标的第一步是收集临床证据，重点是人类和动物研究中的病毒病原体，这些病原体已被证明与微生物群相互作用。后续步骤是通过实验证据确定机制，以支持针对微生物群的翻译应用程序的开发。在这一章当中，