Type 4 P-type ATPases (P4-ATPases) are lipid flippases that drive the active, inward directed translocation (flip) of lipids in eukaryotic membranes. The resulting lipid asymmetry potentiates the membrane and is essential for a wide range of cellular processes such as vesicle biogenesis and trafficking and membrane protein regulation, whereas dissipation of lipid asymmetry is required in blood coagulation and apoptosis. Through recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy, several landmark structures of yeast and human lipid flippases have been reported, highlighting the similarities and differences they share with the cation transporting P-type ATPases. Here, we discuss the recent lipid flippase structures in the context of subunit architecture and organization, auto-regulation and lipid transport.

中文翻译：

---

P4-ATPases：一只老狗如何学习新技巧——脂质翻转酶的结构和机制。

4 型 P 型 ATP 酶 (P4-ATPases) 是脂质翻转酶，可驱动真核细胞膜中脂质的活性、向内定向易位（翻转）。由此产生的脂质不对称增强了细胞膜，对于囊泡生物发生和运输以及膜蛋白调节等广泛的细胞过程是必不可少的，而血液凝固和细胞凋亡需要脂质不对称的消散。通过低温电子显微镜的最新进展，已经报道了酵母和人类脂质翻转酶的几个标志性结构，突出了它们与阳离子转运 P 型 ATP 酶的相似之处和不同之处。在这里，我们在亚基结构和组织、自动调节和脂质转运的背景下讨论了最近的脂质翻转酶结构。