Because changes in surface properties affect bacterial adhesion, orthodontic bonding procedures may significantly influence biofilm formation and composition around orthodontic appliances. However, most studies used a mono-species biofilm model under static conditions, which does not simulate the intraoral environment and complex interactions of oral microflora because the oral cavity is a diverse and changeable environment. In this study, a multi-species biofilm model was used under dynamic culture conditions to assess the effects of the orthodontic bonding procedure on biofilm formation and compositional changes in two main oral pathogens, Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Four specimens were prepared with bovine incisors and bonding adhesive: untreated enamel surface (BI), enamel surface etched with 37% phosphoric acid (ET), primed enamel surface after etching (PR), and adhesive surface (AD). Surface roughness (SR), surface wettability (SW), and surface texture were evaluated. A multi-species biofilm was developed on each surface and adhesion amounts of Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and total bacteria were analyzed at day 1 and day 4 using real-time polymerase chain reaction. After determining the differences in biofilm formation, SR, and SW between the four surfaces, relationships between bacteria levels and surface properties were analyzed. The order of SR was AD < PR < BI < ET, as BI and ET showed more irregular surface texture than PR and AD. For SW, ET had the greatest value followed by PR, BI, and AD. S. mutans and P. gingivalis showed greater adhesion to BI and ET with rougher and more wettable surfaces than to AD with smoother and less wettable surfaces. The adhesion of total bacteria and S. mutans significantly increased over time, but the amount of P. gingivalis decreased. The adhesion amounts of all bacteria were positively correlated with SR and SW, irrespective of incubation time. Within the limitations of this study, changes in SR and SW associated with orthodontic bonding had significant effects on biofilm formation and composition of S. mutans and P. gingivalis.

中文翻译：

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正畸粘接程序会严重影响生物膜的组成。

由于表面性质的变化会影响细菌的粘附，因此正畸粘接程序可能会严重影响正畸矫治器周围生物膜的形成和组成。但是，大多数研究在静态条件下使用单物种生物膜模型，该模型不能模拟口腔内环境和口腔菌群的复杂相互作用，因为口腔是一个多变且多变的环境。在这项研究中，在动态培养条件下使用多物种生物膜模型来评估正畸粘合程序对两种主要口腔病原体变形链球菌和牙龈卟啉单胞菌的生物膜形成和成分变化的影响。用牛门齿和粘接剂准备了四个标本：未处理的瓷釉表面（BI），用37％磷酸蚀刻的瓷釉表面（ET），蚀刻后打底的搪瓷表面（PR）和粘合表面（AD）。评价了表面粗糙度（SR），表面润湿性（SW）和表面纹理。在第1天和第4天使用实时聚合酶链反应在每个表面上形成了多种生物膜，并在第1天和第4天分析了变形链球菌，牙龈卟啉单胞菌和总细菌的附着量。确定了四个表面之间生物膜形成，SR和SW的差异后，分析了细菌水平与表面特性之间的关系。SR的顺序为AD <PR <BI <ET，因为BI和ET的表面纹理比PR和AD更加不规则。对于SW，ET具有最大的价值，其次是PR，BI和AD。变形链球菌和P. 牙龈在粗糙和可润湿表面上表现出比BI和ET更大的粘附力，而在光滑和不易润湿表面上表现出更大的粘附力。随着时间的推移，细菌和变形链球菌的粘附力显着增加，但牙龈卟啉单胞菌的数量却减少了。无论孵育时间如何，所有细菌的附着量均与SR和SW正相关。在这项研究的限制内，与正畸结合相关的SR和SW的变化对变形链球菌和牙龈卟啉单胞菌的生物膜形成和组成具有重大影响。