Molecular biomarkers play an increasing crucial role in evaluating and predicting toxicity of metals. Expressions patterns of genes related to oxidative stress, apoptosis, immune and inflammation response in the Bufo gargarizans embryo exhibited a development dependent manner. The genes related to oxidative stress (HSP, GPx and SOD) are the first response in the development of embryo, followed by the apoptosis (Bax, BCLAF1 and TRAIL) and inflammation and immune response (SOCS3, IL-27 and IL-17D), respectively. Then, we have verified the HSP, Bax and SOCS3 IL-27 (expressed highest in their respective processes) exhibited the most significant changes in Cd–Pb mixed group compared with control. In addition, we found exposure of Cd–Pb mixed metals causes greater adverse effects than Cd, Pb alone on development and morphology of embryo. Overall, our results provide a useful tool to use the sensitive molecular biomarkers as indicators of developmental toxicity in amphibian embryo.

中文翻译：

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生物标志物的响应模式，作为鉴定镉和铅对中华蟾蜍胚胎毒性作用的工具。

分子生物标志物在评估和预测金属毒性中起着越来越重要的作用。中华大蟾蜍中与氧化应激，细胞凋亡，免疫和炎症反应有关的基因的表达模式胚胎表现出发育依赖性。与氧化应激相关的基因（HSP，GPx和SOD）是胚胎发育中的第一个反应，其次是凋亡（Bax，BCLAF1和TRAIL）以及炎症和免疫反应（SOCS3，IL-27和IL-17D）。 ， 分别。然后，我们验证了HSP，Bax和SOCS3 IL-27（在各自过程中表达最高）与对照相比在Cd-Pb混合组中表现出最显着的变化。此外，我们发现，与单独使用Cd，Pb相比，Cd-Pb混合金属的暴露对胚胎的发育和形态产生更大的不利影响。总的来说，我们的结果提供了一个有用的工具，可以将敏感的分子生物标志物用作两栖动物胚胎发育毒性的指标。