Supplement Editor name Trisha A. VanDusseldorp

Institution/department Kennesaw State University, Wellstar College of Health & Human Services, Dept. Exercise Science & Sport Management

Street 520 Parliament Garden Way NW

City Kennesaw

Post code GA 30144

Country USA

Email adress tvanduss@kennesaw.edu

Supplement Editor name Douglas S. Kalman

Institution/department Scientifc Affairs, Nutrasource Diagnostics, Inc

Street 120 Research Lane

City Guelph

Post code N1G 0B4

Country ON, Canada

Email adress dkalman@nutrasource.ca

Supplement Editor name Shawn M. Arent

Institution/department University of South Carolina, Exercise Science

Street 921 Assembly Street

City Columbia

Post code SC 29208

Country USA

Email adress sarent@mailbox.sc.edu

Supplement Editor name Jose Antonio

Institution/department Nova Southeastern University, Exercise and Sport Sciences

Street 3532 S. University Drive

City Davie

Post code FL 33314

Country USA

Email adress ja839@nova.edu

Dominick Cabrera¹, Ashley Almanzar³, Julius D. Thomas¹, Jose Antonio², Corey A. Peacock², Jaime L. Tartar¹

¹Nova Southeastern University, College of Psychology, Ft. Lauderdale, FL USA; ²Nova Southeastern University, College of Health Care Sciences, Ft. Lauderdale, FL USA; ³Miami Dade College, College of Science, Miami, FL USA

Correspondence: Jaime L. Tartar (tartar@nova.edu)

Background

Psychological and physical stress can induce dysregulation of gene expression via changes in methylation and miRNA expression. Such epigenetic modifications are yet to be investigated in professional MMA fighters who are subject to highly stressful training involving repeated head trauma. DNA methylation changes associate with a variety of health markers (e.g. chronic inflammation, autoimmune disease, and various cancers). The miRNAs that will be assessed have been linked to various autoimmune diseases and cancers. The fighters tested in the current study train at the highest level of striking and grappling, often following hypocaloric diets in preparation for professional competition in front of a global viewing audience. The proposed study will examine differences in DNA methylation and miRNA expression in elite MMA fighters compared to active controls.

Materials and Methods

RNA was extracted from plasma samples of 20 fighters and 20 controls using a QIAcube instrument (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA, USA). The RNA was converted to cDNA and these samples were pooled by groups (MMA and control) for a PCR array to determine specific miRNAs with differential expression. Real time PCR quantified the expression of these miRNAs in individuals of both groups using QIAGEN kits. Global methylation differences between groups was also assessed via a LINE-1 assay (surrogate global DNA analysis), a product of Active Motif (Carlsbad, CA, USA).

Results

This study is currently ongoing. We show pooled and individual miRNA expression and LINE-1 methylation between the MMA and control groups.

Conclusions

A significant difference in miRNA expression or DNA methylation between MMA fighters and control athletes would indicate that fighters are at risk for developing certain diseases as a result of the stress associated with their training. Identifying which specific miRNAs are differentially expressed offers potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of fighters suffering from illness. A difference in methylation offers insight into the mechanism underlying the phenotypic differences these fighters experience. No significant difference in the epigenetic modifications assessed between these two groups could indicate that despite the stress of MMA training, these fighters are not at any greater risk of developing diseases associated with differential methylation or expression of the specific miRNAs tested. This contributes to the growing body of literature on epigenetic modifications associated with traumatic brain injury experienced in athletic competition.

Support

This study is supported by a Nova Southeastern University 2019-2020 President’s Faculty Research and Development Grant to JLT, CP, JA.

Jaime L. Tartar¹, Kayla Thompson¹, Federico Earhart², Jonathan B. Banks¹

¹Nova Southeastern University, College of Psychology, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA; ²Miami Dade College, College of Science, Miami, FL, USA

Correspondence: Jaime L. Tartar (tartar@nova.edu)

Background

A large and growing body of research has shown that long-term fasting (>24 h) or sustained intermittent fasting can reduce inflammation and mediate improved cognitive and psychological health. The effects of short-term fasting on these processes are not well-understood. In order to begin to address this uncertainty, we investigated the possibility that a short-term (13 hour) fast could increase cognitive processes, and reduce inflammation.

Materials and Methods

We applied a crossover design study, with a baseline and a fasting session occurring one week apart (condition order was counterbalanced). For the fasting session, participants were instructed not to eat for at least 13 hours before the study session. For the baseline session, participants were instructed to eat breakfast. The cognitive test battery included measures of working memory, sustained attention, speed of processing, cognitive inhibition, and mind wandering. Blood and saliva samples were obtained at the end of each session for energy and stress (cortisol) and inflammation (IL-1β and Il-6) biomarker quantification. Height, weight, heart rate, and blood pressure were also recorded.

Results

Cognition data: Data from 4 participants were removed due to failure to complete one or more cognitive tasks as instructed. No significant difference was observed on the working memory task (Symmetry Span), speed of processing (Pattern comparison), inhibition (Flanker), or sustained attention (SART target accuracy and dprime), all p’s > .05. Mind wandering was higher at fasting (M = .60, SD = .28) than at baseline (M = .53, SD = .27), t(29) = 2.27, p = .031, d = 0.25. False alarms on the sustained attention task were higher during fasting (M = 16.54, SD = 9.73) than during baseline (M = 14.72, SD = 10.05), t (29) = 2.22, p = .035, d = .18.

Biomarker Data: Cortisol levels were significantly higher at fasting (M = .15 μg/dL SD = .06) than at baseline (M = .19 μg/dL, SD = .07), t(32) = 3.16, p = .003, d = 0.25. IL-1β levels were significantly higher at fasting (M = 29.57 pg/mL SD = 23.51) than at baseline (M = 21.24 pg/mL, SD = 17.55), t(32) = -2.44, p = .02. There was not a significant difference in IL-6 levels between fasting (M = 6.06 pg/mL SD = 7.05) and baseline (M = 7.89 pg/mL, SD = 11.56), p > .05.

Conclusions

Overall, our findings show that a short-term fast does not benefit cognitive processes, and in fact, results in an increase in mind wandering and an increase in false alarms during an attention task. In addition, our data suggest that short-term fasting can alter cortisol and inflammation due to short-term changes in energy demands and that anti-inflammatory processes and beneficial cognitive changes likely require, either a longer fasting or intermittent fasting.

Support

This study was supported by a Department of Education sub-contract award to JLT (P031C160143).

Victoria Burgess^1,2, Sarah Knafo¹, Jose Antonio², Jaime Tartar¹

¹Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, NSU Florida, Davie, FL USA; ²Exercise and Sport Science, NSU Florida, Davie, FL USA

Correspondence: Jose Antonio (ja839@nova.edu)

Background

Sleep is an extremely important component of health and exercise training/performance. Recent studies have highlighted the interaction between sleep, recovery, and performance in elite and recreational athletes. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine whether the time of exercise or intensity of exercise affected sleep quality in active individuals.

Materials and Methods

Thirty four active individuals, men (n=11) and women (n=23) (mean±SD: age 39±11 years; height 169.2±10.4 centimeters; weight; 72.8±10.9 kilograms), were self-grouped into an AM (before 11:59am) or PM (12-11:59pm) exercise group and a exercise intensity group of either moderate (MOD) (150 min/wk) or vigorous (VIG) (75 min/wk) intensity exercise based on a specific set of criteria. They participated in a seven-day quantitative, quasi-experimental, exploratory study, wearing an Actigraph watch. Four measures of sleep were measured through the Actigraph watch: total sleep time (TST), sleep onset latency (SOL), sleep efficiency % (SE), and wake after sleep onset (WASO). Data was analyzed using a factorial ANOVA to examine the relationship between exercise timing and intensity on sleep quality of the participants.

Results

There were no significant differences in sleep quality or duration in either the time group (AM vs. PM) or the intensity group (MOD vs. VIG). Results within the AM and PM group results showed no significant differences (Mean±SD: TST – AM 6.7±0.9, PM 6.8±0.9. SOL – AM 14.9±9.2, PM 14.4±11.6. SE - AM 84.2±4.6, PM 84.7±4.2. WASO – AM 44.1±13.3, PM 43.2±12.4. Further, no significant differences were found within the intensity group (MOD and VIG): Mean±SD: total sleep time hours – MOD 6.8±0.8, VIG 6.6±0.9; SOL – MOD 14.9±11.8, VIG 14.5±9.1. Sleep Efficiency % - MOD 85.0±4.3, VIG 84.0±4.5. WASO – MOD 42.4±12.2, VIG 45.0±13.4

Conclusions

Based on this cross-sectional data, there is no relationship between exercise intensity or the time of exercise on indices of sleep quality or duration.

Denvyr Tyler-Palmer¹, Corey A. Peacock¹, Jamie Tartar², Tobin Silver¹, Jose Antonio¹

¹Exercise and Sport Science, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL USA; ²Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL USA

Correspondence: Jose Antonio (ja839@nova.edu)

Background

Prior research has shown that HMB supplementation may have a positive effect on body composition; however, minimal research exists regarding its effects in Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) Fighters. Therefore, the purpose of the current study is to determine the effects of HMB supplementation on body composition in MMA fighters.

Materials and Methods

Sixteen competitive, healthy MMA fighters (29±3.5 yrs.; 178.5± 7.8 cm; males) completed a double-blinded, counterbalanced, two condition [HMB versus Placebo (Cellulose)] by two-time point [Pre-, Post-] study. The study consisted of subjects supplementing HMB (3 g daily) or placebo in conjunction with MMA training over a 6-week period. Body composition was assessed via the In-Body770® both pre- and post-intervention.

Results

There were no significant (p =0.471) differences between HMB and Placebo following the 6-weeks of training for weight (kilograms [kg]) (HMB Pre- 84.6±10.8, Post- 84.1±11.6; Placebo Pre- 87.9±14.2, Post- 87.9±13.5). There were also no significant (p = 0.095) differences for fat-free mass (kg) (HMB Pre- 42.3±5.4, Post- 41.8±5.1; Placebo Pre- 44.2±9.0, Post- 44.6±8.8). No significant (p = 0.655) differences existed for fat mass (kg) (HMB Pre- 11.3±2.5, Post- 11.2±3.8; Placebo Pre- 11.0±4.9, Post- 11.2±3.6). And finally no differences (p = 0.641) were found for percent body fat (HMB Pre- 13.3±2.5, Post- 13.2±3.4; Placebo Pre- 12.8±6.4, Post- 12.3±6.6).

Conclusion

Based on this pilot study, HMB supplementation had no effect on body composition over a 6-week period in MMA fighters. A study utilizing a larger sample coupled with an aggressive strength-training program may be warranted.

Julius D. Thomas¹, Dominick Cabrera¹, Jose Antonio², Corey A. Peacock², Jaime L. Tartar¹

¹Nova Southeastern University, College of Psychology, Ft. Lauderdale, FL USA; ²Nova Southeastern University, College of Health Care Sciences, Ft. Lauderdale, FL USA

Correspondence: Jaime L. Tartar (tartar@nova.edu)

Background

Professional contact sport athletes are at risk for developing Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) - a degenerative brain disease caused by repetitive head impacts. Until very recently, CTE was not well-understood and was initially observed in boxers and classified as “dementia pugilistica”. Due to the robust relationship between mood and long-term outcomes for neurological health in contact sport athletes, we tested two groups of elite contact sports athletes, NFL players and professional MMA fighters, on a comprehensive set of neurobehavioral health which included both emotion and cognition domains and compared these groups to a professional non-control sport control group.

Materials and Methods

This study used a cross sectional design and included only males. We tested 9 active or recently retired NFL players (M age = 31, SD = 4.3), 10 active or recently retired professional MMA fighters (M age = 29.6, SD = 1.65), and a control group that consisted of 12 professional non-contact sport athletes (e.g. runners, swimmers etc..) (M age = 39, SD = 12.5). In order to control for diurnal influences on our biomarker measures, blood and saliva collection took place between noon-6:00 p.m. Cognition Testing was carried out using The NIH Toolbox Cognition battery and included the Flanker Task (Executive Function & Attention), The List Sorting Task (working Memory), The Dimensional Change Card Sort Test (Executive Function), and The Pattern Comparison Task (Processing Speed). Emotion was Assessed using test The NIH Toolbox Emotion measures and included all four major domains: Psychological Well-Being, Stress and Self-Efficacy, Social Relationships and Negative Affect. Findings of the cognition and emotion measures were related to biomarkers of stress (cortisol) and inflammation (IL-6 and IL-1β).

Results

There were no significant differences on cognitive or emotion measure between the MMA group and the control group on any cognitive or emotion measure (all p’s > 0.05). Compared to the control group, the NFL group showed significant differences on 4 emotion measures. Perceived stress was higher in the NFL group (M =50, SD = 11.87) compared to the control group (M = 41, SD = 5.45), t(19) = 2.24, p = 0.04. Fear was higher in the NFL group (M = 56.11, SD = 10.776) compared to the control group (M = 47.25, SD = 6.14), t(19) = 2.39, p = 0.03. Anxiety/fear was higher in the NFL group (M = 56.11, SD = 10.776) compared to the control group (M = 47.25, SD = 6.14), t(19) = 2.39, p = 0.03. Relatedly, perceptions of physical anxiety (somatic arousal) was higher in the NFL group (M = 56.11, SD = 10.776) compared to the control group (M = 47.25, SD = 6.14), t(19) = 2.39, p = 0.03. Finally, perceptions of anger and physical aggression were significantly higher in the NFL group (M = 61.67, SD = 6.60), compared to the control group (M = 51.92, SD = 8.37), t(19) = 2.88, p = 0.01. There were no significant differences between the NFL group and the control group on cognitive measures (all p’s > 0.05). Follow up correlations between the significant psychological measures and biomarkers in the NFL group showed that the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-6, was positively correlated with fear/anxiety (r = .71, p = 0.03) and anger/physical aggression (r = .69, p = 0.04). IL-6 was marginally correlated with perceived stress (r = .66, p = 0.05).

Conclusions

Although both the NFL and MMA groups experience repetitive blows to the head, neither group demonstrated cognitive impairments relative to a control group. The NFL group showed significant impairments on three measures of negative affect (fear/anxiety, perceptions of physical anxiety, and anger/physical aggression) and on the measure of perceived stress.

Kayla Thompson¹, Michelle Filicko¹, Jose Antonio², Cheng Qian³, Jonathan B. Banks¹, Jaime L. Tartar¹

¹Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL USA; ²Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL USA; ³Enchanted Wave LLC, Ft. Lauderdale, FL USA

Correspondence: Jaime L. Tartar (tartar@nova.edu)

Background

Sleep plays a critical role in the consolidation of memory and REM sleep has been particularly implicated in the consolidation of procedural memory (i.e., learned movement sequences). Procedural memory consolidation, not only stabilizes a memory, but also enhances performance. Despite the strong association between REM sleep and procedural memory consolidation, there fails to be a consensus in the literature regarding the timing and amount of REM sleep required for procedural memory consolidation. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that procedural memory is consolidated during REM sleep.

Materials and Methods

Participants were tested in a 4-day testing period using a validated 5-digit span finger tapping task. All subjects were provided a Single channel EEG headband (Enchanted Wave) and a wrist actigraphy device (Phillips Respironics) to wear for three consecutive nights (4 days) to record sleep data. The first two nights consisted of baseline measures of sleep. Following the 2^nd night of sleep (i.e. the 3^rd day), subjects were given the initial finger tapping “learning” task. After a subsequent night of sleep (4^th day), the participants were retested with the “post training” and “generalized-untrained-post” finger tapping task.

Results

Preliminary results show an increase in speed and accuracy of the finger tapping task after a subsequent night of sleep. Additionally, speed and accuracy were shown to increase in the “generalized-untrained-post” task, indicating that there is general consolidation of the motor skills that is not specific to the exact same sequence.

Conclusions

In this EEG-based sleep study to evaluate procedural memory consolidation during REM sleep, we show that sequential motor skills are enhanced after a night of sleep. Furthermore, REM sleep provides a novel neural environment to train procedural skill learning. These results can lead to substantial performance benefits in athletes and novel sleep-based training paradigms by optimally increasing athlete performance with a regimen consistent of training followed by sleep.

Christopher Horn¹, Madaline Kenyon¹, Cassandra Carson¹, Anya Ellerbroek¹, Lia Jiannine¹, Tobin Silver¹, Corey Peacock¹, Jaime Tartar², Jose Antonio¹

¹Department of Health and Human Performance, NSU Florida, Davie, FL USA; ²Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, NSU Florida, Davie, FL USA

Correspondence: Jose Antonio (ja839@nova.edu)

Energy drinks, which contain caffeine as its primary active ingredient, have been shown to have an ergogenic effect vis a vis various athletic activities. However, it is not entirely known if energy drinks have an effect on psychomotor vigilance. The psychomotor vigilance test is a tool that is used to measure one’s behavioral alertness. It is a visual test that involves measuring the speed at which a person reacts to visual stimuli (e.g. a red dot against a black background) over a fixed time frame (e.g., 5 minutes).

Materials and Methods

Twenty exercise-trained men (n=11) and women (n=9) (mean±SD: age 32±7 years; height 169±10 centimeters; weight; 74.5±14.5 kilograms; % body fat 20.3±6.2 %; years of training 14±9; daily caffeine intake 463±510 milligrams) volunteered for this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Body composition was determined via bioelectrical impedance (InBody 770). Subjects came to the lab twice with a washout period of ~7 days between testing. In a randomized order, they consumed either the BANG energy drink or a similar tasting placebo drink. In the second visit, they consumed the alternate drink. Thirty minutes post-consumption, they performed the following tests in this order: motor praxis test, psychomotor vigilance test, three sets of push-ups, motor praxis test, and psychomotor vigilance test. Reaction time (i.e., mean, fastest, slowest) was recorded. For the psychomotor vigilance test, lapses, false starts and efficiency score as also assessed.

Results

There were no differences between groups (BANG energy drink versus placebo) for any measure related to the motor praxis test. However, the BANG energy drink treatment resulted in a significantly lower (i.e., faster) psychomotor vigilance mean reaction time compared to the placebo (p=0.0220) (BANG energy drink 473.8±42.0 milliseconds, Placebo 482.4±54.0 milliseconds). Furthermore, the BANG energy drink treatment also produced a significantly higher (p=0.0250) efficiency score than the placebo (BANG energy drink 723.4±207.1; Placebo 660.4±223.4). Also, the BANG energy drink condition resulted in a lower number of lapses (i.e., reaction time > 500 milliseconds) (p=0.0608).

Conclusions

The acute consumption of BANG energy drink produced a significant improvement in psychomotor vigilance in exercise-trained men and women. In addition, efficiency was improved and the number of lapses diminished.

Acknowledgements

The product and placebo were provided by VPX.

Madaline Kenyon¹, Sarah Knafo², Alina Ali², Cassandra Carson¹, Anya Ellerbroek¹, Cailey Weaver², Lia Jiannine¹, Tobin Silver¹, Corey Peacock¹, Jaime Tartar², Jose Antonio¹

¹Department of Health and Human Performance, NSU Florida, Davie, FL USA; ²Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, NSU Florida, Davie, FL USA

Correspondence: Jose Antonio (ja839@nova.edu)

Background

Variations in the fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) are associated with obesity; however, it is not clear if changes in energy intake affect the adaptive response to caloric restriction in those with the risk variants. The three FTO single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs1421085, rs17817449 and rs9939609, are in strong linkage disequilibrium. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the role of the FTO gene vis-à-vis the effects of a 4-week hypocaloric diet on body composition in exercise-trained men and women. We also assessed several biomarkers derived from a saliva sample (i.e., cortisol, C-reactive protein, alpha-amylase).

Materials and Methods

Forty-seven exercise-trained men (n=11) and women (n=36) (mean±SD: age 32±9 years; height 169±8 centimeters, body mass index 24.5±2.9, hours of aerobic training per week 4.9±3.8, hours of weight training per week 3.9±2.4, years of training experience 13.4±7.0) completed a 4-week hypocaloric diet (i.e., decrease total calories by ~20% while maintaining a protein intake of ~2.1 g/kg/d). Subjects were instructed to maintain the same training regimen and to decrease energy intake via carbohydrate and/or fat restriction during the treatment period. Body composition was determined pre and post via dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Total body water was determined via a multifrequency bioelectrical impedance device (InBody 770). Saliva samples were collected pre and post in order to genotype the participants as well as estimate the concentration of several biomarkers (see part II). All testing was done between 11:30am and 3pm.

Results

Of the 47 subjects, 15 were of normal risk for obesity whereas 32 were carriers of the risk alleles for the FTO gene. Subjects were grouped based on their genotype for the three FTO SNPs (i.e., rs1421085, rs17817449 and rs9939609) due to their strong linkage disequilibrium. We have classified those with the normal obesity risk as “non-risk allele” versus those that carry the “risk allele” (i.e., both heterozygous and homozygous). Both groups experienced a significant decrease in total energy intake (non-risk allele: pre kcal 2081±618, post kcal 1703±495; risk allele: pre kcal 1886±515, post kcal 1502±366). Both groups lost a significant amount of body weight (risk allele change: -1.0±1.2, non-risk allele change: -1.2±1.4) and fat mass (risk allele change: -1.1±0.7, non-risk allele change: -0.9±0.4) with no significant differences between the groups. There were no significant changes in either group for fat free mass or total body water.

Conclusions

In the short-term (i.e., four weeks), exercise-trained men and women consuming a hypocaloric diet that is relatively high in protein experience similar changes in body composition due exclusively to a decrement in fat mass. Furthermore, the changes are similar whether you are at a normal risk or are at higher risk for obesity based on their FTO genotypes.

Jose Antonio¹, Sarah Knafo², Madaline Kenyon1, Alina Ali², Cassandra Carson¹, Anya Ellerbroek¹, Cailey Weaver², Corey Peacock¹, Jaime Tartar²

¹Department of Health and Human Performance, NSU Florida, Davie, FL USA; ²Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, NSU Florida, Davie, FL USA

Correspondence: Jose Antonio (ja839@nova.edu)

Background

Variations in the fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) are associated with obesity; however, it is not clear if changes in energy intake affect the adaptive response to caloric restriction in those with the risk variants. The three FTO single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs1421085, rs17817449 and rs9939609, are in strong linkage disequilibrium. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the role of the FTO gene vis-à-vis the effects of a 4-week hypocaloric diet on body composition in exercise-trained men and women. We also assessed several biomarkers (i.e., salivary alpha-amylase – a marker of sympathetic nervous system activity; salivary cortisol – a biomarker of psychological stress).

Methods

Forty-seven exercise-trained men (n=11) and women (n=36) (mean±SD: age 32±9 years; height 169±8 centimeters, body mass index 24.5±2.9, hours of aerobic training per week 4.9±3.8, hours of weight training per week 3.9±2.4, years of training experience 13.4±7.0) completed a 4-week hypocaloric diet (i.e., decrease total calories by ~20% while maintaining a protein intake of ~2.1 g/kg/d). Subjects were instructed to maintain the same training regimen and to decrease energy intake via carbohydrate and/or fat restriction during the treatment period. Body composition was determined pre and post via dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Total body water was determined via a multifrequency bioelectrical impedance device (InBody 770). Saliva samples were collected pre and post in order to genotype the participants as well as estimate the concentration of several biomarkers. All testing was conducted between 11:30am and 3pm.

Results

Of the 47 subjects, 15 were of normal risk for obesity whereas 32 were carriers of the risk alleles for the FTO gene. Subjects were grouped based on their genotype for the three FTO SNPs (i.e., rs1421085, rs17817449 and rs9939609) due to their strong linkage disequilibrium. We have classified those with the normal obesity risk as “non-risk allele” versus those that carry the “risk allele” (i.e., both heterozygous and homozygous). Both groups experienced a significant decrease in total energy intake and lost a significant amount of body weight and fat mass. There were no differences in salivary alpha-amylase or cortisol.

Conclusions

There is no difference between individuals in the risk allele vs. non-risk allele groups with regards to the “stress response” vis-à-vis salivary alpha-amylase or cortisol (i.e., FTO gene SNPs: rs1421085, rs17817449 and rs9939609).

Anya Ellerbroek¹, Madaline Kenyon1, Cassandra Carson¹, Denvyr Tyler-Palmer¹, Tobin Silver¹, Jaime Tartar ², Sarah Knafo², Victoria Burgess¹, Lia Jiannine,¹ , Victoria Burgess¹, Corey Peacock¹ , Jose Antonio¹

¹Exercise and Sport Science, NSU Florida, Davie, FL USA; ²Department of Neuroscience, NSU Florida, Davie, FL USA

Correspondence: Jose Antonio (ja839@nova.edu)

Background

There are multiple laboratory methods for assessing body composition that are utilized. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. The purpose of this investigation was to compare the body composition measures in a cohort of 155 exercise-trained men and women.

Materials and Methods

Body composition was assessed in a cohort of exercise-trained men and women via air displacement plethysmography (Bod Pod®), dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and a multifrequency bioelectrical impedance device (InBody 770®). Subjects (n=155; 42 male, 113 female) came to the laboratory for body composition assessment (i.e., percent body fat, lean body mass and fat mass) between 11:00am and 3:00pm. Subjects were instructed to not eat three hours prior to testing and avoid exercise the morning of.

Results

One hundred and fifty-five subjects volunteered for this investigation (n=155; n=113 female, n=42 male; Age 27±9 years, Height 170±10 centimeters, Weight 71.4±14.7 kilograms). All subjects were self-reported to be exercise-trained. There were no significant differences between the Bod Pod and InBody for any measure (i.e., fat mass, lean body mass, percent body fat); however, the DXA had significantly higher percent fat (p<0.0001) compared to the Bod Pod and InBody (mean±SD for % body fat for male and female subjects combined: Bod Pod 21.3±8.8, DXA 25.9±7.6 InBody 21.8±9.2). For female subjects, there were no differences for any measure between the InBody and Bod Pod; however, the InBody and Bod Pod underpredicted fat mass and overpredicted lean body mass in comparison to the DXA. On the other hand, There was no difference between the Inbody, Bod Pod and DXA for measures of lean body mass and fat mass in male subjects.

Conclusions

There were no significant differences between the Bod Pod and InBody for any measure of body composition. However, both the Bod Pod and InBody overestimated lean body mass and underestimated fat mass and percent body fat in comparison to the DXA in female subjects.

Cassandra Carson¹, Madaline Kenyon¹, Anya Ellerbroek¹, Denvyr Tyler-Palmer¹, Tobin Silver¹, Jaime Tartar ², Victoria Burgess ¹, Sarah Knafo², Lia Jiannine¹, Jonathan Mike³, Corey Peacock¹, Jose Antonio¹

¹Exercise and Sport Science, NSU Florida, Davie, FL USA; ²Department of Neuroscience, NSU Florida, Davie, FL USA; 3Exercise Science, Grand Canyon University, Phoenix AZ USA

Correspondence: Jose Antonio (ja839@nova.edu)

Background

A plethora of studies have compared body composition estimates from the multifrequency BIA device used in this study, the DXA and the Bod Pod (air displacement plethysmography). Because body composition may be important in health and and performance and is often critical during physique competitions utilizing a caloric deficit, the purpose of this study was to compare the use of dual-energy x-Ray absorptiometry (DXA) versus multifrequency bioelectrical impedance (InBody 770) for body composition assessment after a 4-week hypoenergetic diet.

Materials and Methods

Subjects were instructed to reduce their energy intake by 25% during the treatment period. Our pool of subjects typically logged their food on a regular basis. Thus, they were well versed at tracking their intake. Subjects were also instructed initially to provide a baseline food log prior to testing (24-hour recall); subsequently, they were instructed to keep a food log (three times per week) on the MyFitnessPal mobile app for the duration of the treatment period. Body composition was assessed with a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry machine (DXA) (Model: Hologic Horizon W; Hologic Inc., Danbury CT USA) and an InBody 770 multifrequency bioelectrical impedance (BIA) device. Subjects were instructed to come to the laboratory after at least a 3-hour fast and no prior exercise that day. All testing was performed between 11:00am and 3:00pm.

Results

On average, subjects (n=41 [29 female, 12 male]; mean±SD: age 33±10 years, height 169±8 centimeters, average years of exercise training 14±6 years) reduced their energy intake by 17.1±11.2 percent. The BIA underestimated fat mass and percentage body fat and overestimated lean body mass in comparison to the DXA. However, when assessing the change in fat mass, lean body mass or percent body fat, there were no statistically significant differences between the BIA vs. DXA. Overall, the change in percent body fat using the DXA vs. the Inbody was -1.3±0.9 and -1.4±1.8, respectively.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that when tracking body composition over a period of four weeks, the multifrequency BIA (Inbody 770) may be a viable alternative to the DXA in exercise-trained men and women.

Lia Jiannine, Jose Antonio

Department of Health and Human Performance, NSU Florida, Davie, FL USA

Correspondence: Lia Jiannine (LJiannine@nova.edu)

Background

Domesticated maca has been grown in Peru for over 2,000 years and is a staple crop for natives of Peru. There are a variety of medicinal claims regarding the efficacy of maca, including improvements in fertility, sexual functioning, energy, stamina, and physical performance.

Materials and Methods

This study used a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design that examined the effect of maca on outcome measures such as body composition, grip strength, mood, and sexual functioning. Forty-seven subjects (ages 18 to 53) were randomized into either treatment (25 subjects) or placebo group (22 subjects). Participants were instructed to ingest 2.1g of a maca-containing product (Nutrition21 proprietary maca blend - Lepidamax^TM) or placebo each day for 28-days. Both maca and placebo were divided into three pills.

Participants were required to visit the body composition lab on two separate occasions for pre-and post-testing. Anthropometric measurements consisted of height, weight, and body fat percentage. Grip strength was tested in the dominate hand through the Jamar hand grip device. On study visit days, participants also filled out two questionnaires. The first was the Profile of Mood States (POMS), a 65-item multidimensional physiological rating scale used to assess transitory mood states including Tension, Depression, Anger, Vigor, Fatigue, and Confusion. The second survey was adapted from the Derogates Interview for Sexual Functioning (DISF- SR), which contains 26 questions separated into five domains: Sexual Cognition/Fantasy, Sexual Arousal, Sexual Behavior and Experience, Orgasm and Sexual Drive.

Data were analyzed using SPSS software. All dependent variables were tested using the Shapiro test. The Nonparametric Wilcoxon rank-sums test was utilized to examine differences between the groups for men and women separately, based on the small sample size and the distribution of the data. Differences were considered significant for the one-tailed P-value < 0.05.

Results

In men, maca significantly improved handgrip strength (p = 0.0371), sexual behavior (p = 0.0185) and fatigue (p = 0.0456) when compared to placebo. Although females in the treatment group had significant changes in fatigue, confusion, tension, orgasm and handgrip from baseline while placebo did not (p < 0.05), those differences were not significant when compared to the placebo group.

Conclusions

Study results showed that maca lessened fatigue, improved strength and enhanced sexual functioning in men and women, with efficacy more pronounced in men. These effects may have displayed greater significance in women with a larger study sample. The results of this study support the use of maca to improve male performance.

Pathik Vaidya, Monique Mokha, Pete Bommarito, Jose Antonio, Lia Jiannine

Department of Health and Human Performance, NSU Florida, Davie, FL USA

Correspondence: Jose Antonio (ja839@nova.edu)

Background

Prior to the NFL combine, players partake in NFL training camps to improve their health and athletic ability in preparation for their professional debut. Players attempt to improve performance in various tests such as the vertical jump, broad jump, 40-yard dash and 3-cone drill, as well as, their body composition. The NFL has used the BodPod for the last decade to measure body composition at the combine. The BodPod measures the volume of air displaced by an individual and uses algorithms and the individual’s height and weight in order to determine the amount of percent body fat (%BF) and fat free mass.

Materials and Methods

Various collegiate football players training for the NFL combine volunteered for this study. Their body composition was measured using both volumetric air displacement (BodPod) and a multifrequency bioelectrical impedance device (InBody 770). Athletes were tested twice, once prior to attending the training program, and once afterwards.

Results

There were no significant differences in body composition from pre- and post- training camp testing. The average fat mass of athletes was slightly lower in post testing than pre-testing. However, this difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusions

Body composition did not change significantly as a result of NFL training program.

Tatyana Salguero, Todd Chou, Monique Mokha, Pete Bommarito, Jose Antonio, Lia Jiannine

Department of Health and Human Performance, NSU Florida, Davie, FL USA

Correspondence: Jose Antonio (ja839@nova.edu)

Background

A player has a better chance of being recruited during the NFL Combine after participating in a training program designed to better each athlete’s health and athletic skills. Grip strength may play a role in how well one is able to perform. The following study researches whether an NFL training program has an effect on an individual's grip strength and if changes in body composition were related to changes in grip strength

Materials and Methods

Nine collegiate football players training for the NFL combine voluntarily participated in this study. Each players grip strength was measured using an Analog Baseline® Dynamometer. Two recording were taken for each player’s dominant hand. Body composition was measured using two methods. The first one involved the use of air displacement (BodPod) and the second method calculated body composition through bioelectrical impedance analysis (InBody 770). Each player had their grip strength and body composition measured twice. They were measured before beginning their training program and after completing the program.

Results

There were no significant differences in grip strength. Players had an average grip strength of 61.1 kg at pre-test and 57.9 at post-test. There were also no significant changes in body composition. Mean body composition was 13.1% and pre-test and 13.4% at post-test. Change in body composition was unrelated to change in grip strength.

Conclusions

Changes in both grip strength and body composition were not significant and there was no relationship between the change score of the two variables.

Corey A. Peacock¹, Sarah Knafo², Valeria Nazaire³, Dominick Cabrera², Julius D. Thomas², Jose Antonio¹ Jaime L. Tartar¹

¹Nova Southeastern University, College of Health Care Sciences, Ft. Lauderdale, FL USA; ²Nova Southeastern University, College of Psychology, Ft. Lauderdale, FL USA; ³Miami Dade College, College of Science, Miami, FL USA

Correspondence: Jaime L. Tartar (tartar@nova.edu)

Background

A functional single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene (rs4680) holds great promise as a gene variant that can predict the ability to maintain cognitive agility (e.g. sustained attention and processing speed) during combat and competition. The COMT enzyme works to catabolize catecholamines in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The COMT (Val158Met) SNP results in a twofold to fourfold decrease in the activity of the COMT enzyme and increase in dopamine levels- especially in the pre-frontal cortex (PFC). Critically, the COMT Met (low-activity; high dopamine) allele carriers outperform Val (high-activity; low dopamine) homozygotes on a variety of cognitive tasks. However, this relationship between genotype and cognitive performance appears to reverse under stressful conditions. Stress increases PFC DA levels, and Met allele carriers (with higher DA) show performance deficits relative to Val allele carriers. This pattern reflects the inverted U-shaped function of DA activity where too little (Val allele) or too much (Met allele carriers under stress) DA is associated with poor cognitive performance. The Val allele advantage for stress resiliency is referred to as the COMT “warrior/ worrier” model. In line with this model, we predicted that elite, UFC level, MMA fighters would be more likely than athlete controls to carry the GG (warrior) genotype and that both groups would have a higher GG allele frequency relative to non-athlete controls.

Materials and Methods

19 MMA fighters (mean age = 30.19, SD = 5.16), 21 non-contact sport athlete controls (M age = 31.19, SD = 12.16), and 41 non-athlete controls (mean age = 22.66, SD = 4.14) were genotyped for the COMT 4680 polymorphism. The study only included male participants. Genomic DNA was extracted in a QIAcube instrument following the manufacturer’s standard protocol for saliva nucleic acid extraction (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA, USA). After isolation, allelic discrimination for the COMT gene was determined via real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a TaqMan SNP genotyping assay using fluorogenic probes (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA). Genotypes were determined automatically via the StepOne software (Applied Biosystems) based on the fluorescence signals. Samples were run in duplicate and in the case of a call discrepancy, samples were rerun.

Results

We carried out a series of Chi Square analyses. A 3 (group) X 2 (COMT) analyses showed an overall significant difference in genotype frequencies between groups X² =9.32, p = 0.01. There was also a statistically significant difference between the MMA group and the non-athlete control group X² =8.84, p = 0.002. However, there was not a statistically significant difference between the athlete control group and the non-athlete control group X² =3.80, p = 0.05. There was also not a statistically significant difference between the MMA group and the athlete control group X² =0.90, p = 0.34.

Conclusions

Our data show a trend for an increase in the warrior (GG) genotype wherein MMA fighters have the highest frequency (58%) followed by the athlete control group (43%) and the non-athlete control group showing the lowest frequency (20%). Combined, our findings suggest that The “Warrior” genotype may play a role in participation in competitive sports, and especially combat sports.

Support

This study was supported by a Department of Education sub-contract award to JLT (P031C160143)

Jeffrey M. Rogers, Josh Gills, Michelle Gray

Exercise Science Research Center, University of Arkansas, 1 University of Arkansas, HPER 321-E, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA

Correspondence: Jeffrey M. Rogers (rogersdst@gmail.com)

Background

Clinicians, professional athletes, and recreational athletes are interested in supplementation that up-regulates nitric oxide (NO) production in blood vessel endothelium, increasing arterial vasodilation. Benefits from these supplements include improvements in blood pressure, muscle hyperemia, and exercise performance. Citrulline Malate (CM) is a pre-workout ingredient, popular for its ability to increase exercise performance and blood serum concentrations of L-arginine, resulting in NO production. Recently, Inositol-Stabilized Arginine Silicate (ASI, Nitrosigine) has been added to many of the most popular pre-workout blends, following a group of studies showing ASI increases serum arginine and reduces post-workout muscle damage. Research has yet to compare CM and ASI in-vivo using a flow-mediated dilation (FMD) technique, a validated measure of the vascular endothelium’s NO producing ability. Thus, the purpose of this experiment was to determine the effectiveness of ASI, compared to CM and placebo, in up-regulating NO production in blood vessels as measured by acute changes in vasodilation.

Method and Materials

We utilized a double-blind, within-subjects design where participants reported for three trials, each preceded by a 7-day washout period. Upon reporting to the research center, participants read and signed the informed consent document, gave a brief medical history, and remained in an upright-seated position until their blood pressure and heart rate normalized. The participant then reclined into a comfortable supine position in a phlebotomy chair, and his or her arm was abducted at 70 to 90 degrees and at heart level, depending on the participant’s level of comfort. A baseline FMD measurement was obtained followed by consumption of one clinical dose CM (8g), ASI (1.5g), or dextrose placebo (8g); the supplementation order was randomized controlling for potential order effects. Participants completed a brief 24-hour nutrition survey and waited for 60 minutes. After the waiting period, FMD was repeated. We used screen capture software to record the entire FMD procedure and conducted analyses on the videos using Quipu Cardiac Suite software.

Results

Repeated measures analysis of variance yielded a significant supplement x time effect (p<.001), such that CM and ASI yielded a greater change in FMD response than placebo. After allometric scaling of the FMD values, supplement x time effect remained significant (p=.001).

Conclusions

Both CM and ASI may be particularly beneficial to individuals looking to increase the potential for muscle hyperemia during exercise. Our results support previous findings that CM and ASI increase blood serum concentrations of arginine, and are effective at increasing vascular endothelium nitric oxide producing capacity.

Acknowledgements

We conducted this study with funding provided by a State Undergraduate Research Fund grant and the University of Arkansas Honors College.

Shelley L. Holden and Neil A. Schwarz

University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA

Correspondence: Shelley L. Holden (sholden@southalabama.edu)

Background

The purpose of this study was to compare the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN)

recommendations for daily macronutrient and kilocalorie (kcal) intake to reported intake of

collegiate female soccer players.

Materials and Methods

Twenty NCAA Division I female soccer players (162.18 ± 9.75 cm; 65.96 ± 18.5 kg; 18.52 ±

2.27 % body fat, 22.5 ± 2.07 kg/m 2 ) self-reported dietary intake during the first three days of the pre-season and for four days during mid-season competition. Participants bodyweight was used to calculate recommended ISSN macronutrient and energy values. Average daily total energy and macronutrient intake were calculated separately for the pre-season and mid-season periods. Reported intakes were compared to nutritional recommendations set forth by the ISSN for team sport athletes (50 kcal/kg/d with 30% fat; 6.5 g/kg/d carbohydrate; and 1.8 g/kg/d protein). Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA with an a priori alpha level of p = 0.05. Tukey’s post-hoc tests were used for multiple comparisons.

Results

Reported energy intake for mid-season (1621 ± 424 kcal/d) was significantly lower (p < 0.01)

than pre-season (2082 ± 494 kcal/d) and both were significantly less (p < 0.01) than the ISSN

recommendation (3095 ± 368 kcal/d). Reported carbohydrate intake for mid-season (191 ± 54

g/d) was significantly lower (p < 0.01) than pre-season (252± 69 g/d) and both were significantly less (p < 0.01) than the ISSN recommendation (404 ± 45 g/d). Reported fat intake was similar (p = 0.08) between pre-season (72 ± 26 g/d) and mid-season (57 ± 24 g/d), but both were significantly lower (p < 0.01) than the ISSN recommendation (103.6 ± 11.5 g/d). Reported

protein intake for mid-season (69 ± 25 g/d) was significantly lower (p < 0.01) than reported

intake for pre-season (101 ± 27 g/d) and ISSN recommendations (112 ± 12 g/d). Reported

pre-season protein intake was equivalent to the ISSN recommendation ( p = 0.25).

Conclusions

Overall, reported energy and macronutrient intake of NCAA Division I female soccer players is

lower than the recommendations set forth by the ISSN. Future research should explore the

accuracy of self-reported data in this population and if nutrition education and/or interventions

can help them meet recommendations and improve recovery and performance.

Danielle Pope, Lorena Hernandez, Jose Antonio, Lia Jiannine

Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA

Correspondence: Lia Jiannine (ljiannine@nova.edu)

Background

Sport supplements aid in recovery and athletic performance as well as improve overall health. Ergogenic aids consist of vitamins, minerals, amino acids or herbs that aid in performance and are available over the counter. This study investigated the types of supplements, frequency of supplement use, and reasons for supplementation.

Materials and Methods

Ninety-one Division II female athletes anonymously responded to a google questionnaire. Participants provided demographic information and listed their collegiate sport.

Athletes completed a comprehensive survey detailing supplementation patterns with respect to frequency and reasons for use.

Results

Out of 91 responses, 75.8% take sport supplements. Of those that take supplements, 82.4% reported taking supplements for sport recovery, 48.5% for performance, and 26.5% for muscle gain. Protein was the most commonly used supplement; 66.7% percent used whey powder, followed by protein bars (62.1%). Surprisingly, only 1 out of 69 participants added vitamin C, Biotin, Iron, and/or a women’s vitamin into their diets and none of these athletes added beta-alanine. When athletes reported reasons for supplementation, 40.9% of participants indicated that they were recommended by the coaching staff, 37.9% recommended by a teammate, 31.8% recommended by family, and 22.7% indicated that they take supplements recommended by a physician and/or nutritionist.

Conclusions

Over 75% of the Division II athletes surveyed consumed sports supplements. Since the majority of athletes take supplements for recovery, it is unsurprising that whey protein was the most commonly used supplement. The majority of athletes took supplements daily. Athletes listed recommendations by coaching staff followed by recommendations by teammates as the two most common external motivating factors.

Patrick S. Harty¹, Hannah A. Zabriskie¹, Richard A. Stecker¹, Bradley S. Currier¹, Andrew R. Jagim², Scott R. Richmond¹, Cynthia A. Schroeder¹, Chad M. Kerksick, FISSN¹

¹Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA; ²Human Performance Lab, Division of Family Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI, USA.

Correspondence: Chad M. Kerksick (ckerksick@lindenwood.edu)

Background

Caffeine is a commonly-consumed stimulant that has been shown to improve force production, power production, and muscular endurance in a variety of populations. However, little is known about the optimal time to consume caffeine prior to exercise to maximize the ergogenic benefits of the substance. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the optimal pre-exercise time interval to consume caffeine to maximize force production, fatigue resistance, and power production. Secondary purposes of this investigation were to determine the presence of any gender differences in responses to timed caffeine administration and identify the general ergogenic effect of acute caffeine supplementation on muscular performance.

Materials and Methods

Healthy, resistance-trained males (n=18; Mean±SD; Age: 25.1±5.7 years; Height: 178.4±7.1 cm; Body mass: 91.3±13.5 kg; Percent bodyfat: 20.7±5.2; Average caffeine consumption: 146.6±100.3 mg·day^-1) and females (n=11; Mean±SD; Age: 20.1±1.6 years; Height: 165.0±8.8 cm; Body mass: 65.8±10.0 kg; Percent bodyfat: 25.8±4.2; Average caffeine consumption: 111.8±91.7 mg·day^-1) were recruited to participate in this investigation. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover fashion, participants consumed 6 mg·kg^-1 caffeine or placebo solution at three time points: 2 hours prior (2H), 1 hour prior (1H), or 30 minutes prior (30M) to exercise testing. During 3 visits, caffeine was administered at one time point, while placebo was administered at all time points during one visit. Following consumption of the supplements, participants performed a lower-body testing battery consisting of isometric mid-thigh pulls (IMTP), countermovement vertical jumps (CMVJ), and isometric/isokinetic knee extensor testing (ISO/ISOK). Repeated measures ANOVAs, paired-samples t-tests, and effect size calculations were used to analyze all outcomes.

Results

Caffeine administered at 1H significantly improved absolute CMVJ and ISO performance relative to placebo. Mean CMVJ jump height was significantly higher during 1H compared to 30M. However, only caffeine administered at 30M significantly improved absolute measures of isokinetic performance. Analysis of the pooled caffeine conditions and the change in performance for each condition relative to placebo revealed that muscular performance was more consistently augmented by caffeine in males compared to females.

Conclusions

Pre-exercise caffeine timing significantly modulated responses to the substance, with 1H exerting the most consistent ergogenic benefits relative to other time points, particularly compared to 2H. Male participants were found to respond more consistently to caffeine compared to female participants. These results suggest that active individuals can maximize the ergogenic effects of caffeine by consuming the substance approximately one hour prior to the point when peak muscular performance is desired.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank all participants for their involvement in the study. This project was funded by the National Strength and Conditioning Association Foundation. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Christopher G. Vann¹, Paul. A. Roberson¹, Shelby C. Osburn¹, Petey W. Mumford¹, Matthew A. Romero¹, Carlton D. Fox¹, Johnathon H. Moore¹, Cody T. Haun², Andreas N. Kavazis^1,4, Veera L.D. Badisa³, Benjamin M. Mwashote³, Victor M. Ibeanusi³, Darren T. Beck^1,4, Jordan R. Moon⁵, Kaelin C. Young^1,4, Michael D. Roberts^1,4

¹School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA; ²Department of Exercise Science, LaGrange College, LaGrange, GA, USA; ³School of the Environment, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA; ⁴Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL, USA; ⁵ImpediMed Inc., Carlsbad, CA, USA

Correspondence: Michael D. Roberts (mdr0024@auburn.edu)

Background

Evidence suggests that aging, and paradoxically longer-term resistance training, reduces skeletal muscle myofibrillar protein concentrations or volume. While the former occurrence is an age-related phenotype, the latter may be due to a phenomenon termed “sarcoplasmic hypertrophy” wherein increases in sarcoplasmic protein concentrations and/or volume predate the accretion of myofibrillar proteins. The purpose of this study was to examine the myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteomes of skeletal muscle biopsies obtained from younger resistance-trained (YT, n=6, 25±4 years old, 9.8±3.0 reported years of training) as well as healthy younger (YU, n=6, 21±1 years old) and older (OU, n=6, 62±8 years old) untrained individuals with the intent of identifying whether training or aging alters the relative abundances of said protein pools.

Materials and Methods

Participants performed a battery of tests and donated a vastus lateralis (VL) muscle biopsy in the morning hours following an overnight fast. VL sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein fractions were separated using differential centrifugation, protein concentrations were determined on each fraction, and actin and myosin concentrations were analyzed using SDS-PAGE.

Results

The following variables were different between cohorts (p<0.05): a) whole-body lean soft tissue mass (YT>YU&OU), b) VL thickness (YT>YU&OU), and leg extensor peak torque (YT>YU&OU). Myofibrillar protein concentrations were greater in YT versus OU (p=0.005) and trended higher in YU (p=0.091) versus OU, but were not different between the former two groups (p=0.325). Actin and myosin concentrations were greater in YT versus YU (p<0.05) and OU (p<0.001). Sarcoplasmic protein concentrations were not different between groups. When all participants were pooled, there were associations between VL thickness and myofibrillar protein concentration (r²=0.482, p=0.001) as well as myosin concentration (r²=0.441, p=0.004), but not between VL thickness and sarcoplasmic protein concentration (r²=0.084, p=0.241).

Conclusions

These data suggest VL myofibrillar protein concentrations decrease with aging. Additionally, long-term resistance training does not sustain sarcoplasmic hypertrophy, but instead may promote modest (~10%) myofibrillar protein packing.

Joseph B. Boone, Alex A. Olmos, Phuong L. Ha, Matthew T. Stratton, Alyssa R. Bailly, Micah J. Poisal, Joshua A. Jones, Benjamin E. Dalton, Tyler M. Smith, Trisha A. VanDusseldorp, Yuri Feito, Garrett M. Hester

Dept. of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA

Correspondence: Garrett M. Hester (ghester4@kennesaw.edu)

Background

It is well established that muscular power is important for physical function in older adults, however, velocity has only recently been identified as in important contributor to some functional tasks. Examining power and velocity simultaneously during a sit-to-stand (STS) may yield relevant insight regarding physical function in older adults. The purpose of this study was to compare power and velocity parameters during a single STS between young and older males.

Materials and Methods

Thirty healthy, untrained young (n=15; age=20.7 ± 2.2 yrs; BMI=23.1 ± 2.4 kg/m²;) and older (n=15; age=72.1 ± 4.0 yrs; BMI=29.6 ± 5.4 kg/m²) males were recruited for this study. Participants performed a single STS, which involved rising from a seated position to a standing position without assistance from the upper-body (arms crossed over their chest). A familiarization visit was completed prior to testing. Participants were instructed “to stand as quickly as possible” and three trials were performed. Knee joint angle was measured via manual goniometry between trials to ensure consistency across trials. Peak force, average power, average partial power, peak power, average velocity, and peak velocity were obtained during the STS using a Tendo Weightlifting Analyzer (Trencin, Slovak Republic) that was attached to the waist of participants. Body mass was entered in the Tendo microprocessor prior to each test. Peak force and average partial power were obtained from the first 50% of the movement, while all other variables were calculated using the full range of the movement. The trial with the highest average power was used for subsequent analysis. Independent samples t-tests were used to examine differences between groups.

Results

Peak power was decreased in older males (28%; p = 0.016), but peak force was similar between groups (p = 0.458). Average power was similar between groups (p=0.132), while partial average power was lower in older males (18%; p = 0.039). Peak and average velocity were decreased in older males (29%; p = 0.001 and 27%; p = 0.008, respectively).

Conclusion

These data suggest that there are preferential decrements in power and velocity parameters for older males during the STS. The age-related difference in velocity appears to be more dramatic than that of power considering the relative differences and the finding that average power was similar between groups. Relatedly, the finding that partial average power was lower in the older group, while peak force was similar indicates that a reduction in velocity was primarily influential for the decreased power, at least for the initial aspect of the STS. Improving velocity capacity may be of critical importance for interventions aimed at enhancing physical function in older adults.

Michaela G. Alesi¹, Matthew T. Stratton¹, Alyssa R. Bailly¹ Alyssa J. Holmes¹, Andrew Modjeski¹, Megan Barie¹, Yuri Feito¹, Gerald T. Mangine¹, Karleena R. Tuggle², Tiffany A. Esmat¹, Garrett M. Hester¹, Katy Hayes¹, and Trisha A. VanDusseldorp¹

¹Dept. of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA; ²WellStar Medical Group Comprehensive Bariatric Services, Marietta, GA, USA

Correspondence: Trisha A. VanDusseldorp (tvanduss@kenensaw.edu)

Background

Methylliberine (1,7,9,tetramethlyluric acid, Dynamine™) and theacrine (Teacrine®) are pure alkaloids, naturally occurring in multiple species of Coffea, and are derived from caffeine. Previous research on Teacrine reported increases in feelings of energy, focus, and concentration, with a reduced sensation of fatigue. Currently there is no published human safety data available on Dynamine, despite our previously published pilot abstract. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of four weeks of continuous use of Dynamine with and without TeaCrine on changes in heart rhythm (electrocardiogram; ECG), resting heart rate (RHR), blood pressure (BP), and psychometric parameters (PP).

Materials and Methods

One-hundred college aged men (n=43) and women (n=57) were randomly assigned to one of five groups: low dose Dynamine (100mg), high dose Dynamine (150mg), low dose Dynamine with TeaCrine (100mg Dynamine + 50mg TeaCrine), high dose Dynamine with TeaCrine (150mg Dynamine + 25mg TeaCrine), and placebo (125mg Maltodextrin). Participants were then assessed for baseline ECG, RHR, BP and PP (energy, feeling of productivity, alertness, desensitization, motivation to do physical tasks, motivation to do mental tasks, and perceived level of focus) using visual analogue scales (VAS; 1-10 scale) every 30 min until 120 min after the first dosage. Following baseline assessments, participants were instructed to consume their supplement upon waking each morning with approximately 12oz of water for four consecutive weeks. VAS measures were repeated after one and two weeks of supplementation, while all baseline assessments were repeated after four weeks of supplementation.

Results

Separate 3-way analyses of variance with repeated measures (group x sex x time) revealed no significant interactions. Rather, main effects for time were noted for RHR (p<0.001), BP (systolic: p=0.001; diastolic: p=0.018), and corrected QT interval (p<0.001) where each measure decreased over the 4-week supplementation period, independent of supplementation strategy or sex. Increased (p<0.001) R-R and P-P intervals from pre to 60 min post (across 4-weeks of supplementation), energy, alertness, focus, and motivation to perform physical and mental tasks were also observed on each time point compared to baseline. No adverse events were reported in participants that completed the investigation.

Conclusion

These data suggest that Dynamine™ alone or in combination with TeaCrine^® does not significantly affect heart rhythm, RHR, BP, and PP following acute or chronic supplementation at the dosages used in this study.

Acknowledgements

Compound Solutions, Inc. grant

Matthew T. Stratton¹, Grant M. Tinsley², Michaela Alesi¹, Garrett M. Hester¹, Alex A. Olmos¹, Paul R. Serifini¹, Andrew Modjeski¹, Gerald T. Mangine¹, Kelsey King¹, Shelby Savage¹, Austin Webb¹, and Trisha A. VanDusseldorp¹

¹Dept. of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA; ²Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA

Correspondence: Trisha A. VanDusseldorp (tvanduss@kenensaw.edu)

Background

Time-restricted feeding (TRF) limits daily food intake to a 4-10-hour time period. Interest from exercising populations in TRF has grown from recent investigations highlighting decreases in body mass (BM) fat mass (FM) and body fat percentage (BF%) with maintenance of fat-free mass (FFM) and improvements in muscular performance (MP).

Materials and Methods

Twenty-six recreationally active males were randomly assigned to one of two groups, a TRF group (n = 13; 22.9 ± 3.6 yrs; 82.0 ± 10.6 kg; 178.1 ± 7.3 cm), consuming all meals within a given 8-hour time period, or normal diet group (ND; n = 13; 22.5 ± 2.2 yrs; 83.3 ± 15.0 kg; 177.5 ± 8.8 cm), who maintained normal meal patterns. Both groups were placed in a 25% calorie deficit and asked to consume 1.8 g/kg/day of dietary protein. Participants underwent 4 weeks of supervised full body resistance training three times per week. Body composition (FM, FFM, BF%) was assessed by 4-compartment model utilizing dual energy X-Ray absorptiometry, air displacement plethysmography, and bioelectrical impedance analysis. Skeletal muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and muscle thickness (MT) of the vastus lateralis (VL) rectus femoris (RF) and biceps brachii (BB) muscles were examined via ultrasonography. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was assessed via indirect calorimetry. Changes in MP were examined via bench (BP_1RM) and leg press (LP_1RM) 1RM, repetitions to failure (BP_RTF; LP_RTF) as well as vertical jump height (VJ_HT) peak power (VJ_PP) and force (VJ_F). Additionally, serum and plasma were collected for the quantification of blood biomarkers: testosterone, cortisol, and adiponectin. Feelings of perceived recovery, daily life stress, energy, desire to eat, hunger, fullness, and motivation to do physical tasks were assessed throughout. A two-way (time × group) repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare groups across time for all variables.

Results

Significant decreases (p < 0.05) were noted in BM, FM, BF%, testosterone, adiponectin, and REE, along with significant increases in BP_1RM, LP_1RM, VJ_HT, VJ_PP, VL_CSA, BB_CSA, BB_MT in both groups. However, no group × time interactions were noted for any of the preceding variables. Plasma cortisol levels were significantly elevated at post (p = 0.018) only in ND. FFM was maintained equally between groups. No differences were seen for psychometric parameters.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that short-term TRF does not enhance reductions in FM as compared to caloric restriction alone. Furthermore, short-term TRF does not hinder improvements in MP or increases in skeletal muscle CSA.

Schumacher, C., Bell, B., Harris, M., Durst, S., Thombs, E., and Lowery, L.

Exercise Science Program, University of Mount Union, Alliance, OH, USA

Correspondence: Lowery, L. (LoweryLM@mountunion.edu)

Background

Wearable activity trackers (accelerometers) and caffeinated drinks are both popular among university students. There is thus a need for model-specific information on the agreement of these devices worn by students at different bodily sites and what impact caffeine may have on them. We hypothesized that accelerometers worn at different anatomical sites would agree when assessing daily movements in physically active university students. Further, we hypothesized caffeine intake would correlate positively with the amount of daily movements recorded.

Materials and Methods

Fifteen participants wore an Omron HJ-321 pedometer (Omron Healthcare Inc., Lake Forest, IL) at the right hip and a FitBit Charge HR (FitBit Inc., San Francisco, CA) on the right wrist from waking until sleep for four days. During this period, participants completed a diet log that was analyzed for nutrient and caffeine intake using The Food Processor 11.4 (ESHA research, Salem, OR). Statistical analyses were performed using Statistica Software 13.3 (TIBCO Software, Palo Alto, CA).

Results

Omron accelerations correlated with those of FitBit (r=0.92; p<0.001), explaining 84.6% of the variance (r²=0.846) but systematically underestimated FitBit by 14%. Further, there was a lack of correlation between average dose (mg) of caffeine consumed over four days and average number of accelerations recorded by Omron (r= -0.047, p=0.88) or Fitbit (r= -0.050, p=0.87). Individual-day coffee and caffeine intake similarly did not correlate with specific daily accelerations.

Conclusions

Within the limitations of this design, we conclude that waist-worn Omron HJ-321 data correlates highly but systematically underestimates wrist-worn FitBit Charge HR data, and that multiplying Omron HJ-321 data by a factor of 1.14 provides similar information. That is, upper body movements of university students appear to contribute 14% to daily movement. Extrapolations to movement-based energy expenditure should be made with caution, however, because arm movements (made at the wrist) lack the same amount of work as whole-body (waist-recorded) movements and wrist devices may use algorithms to estimate stride length when inferring steps. Secondarily, caffeine intake had no reproducible relationship to daily movements recorded by either device, potentially due to enforced exercise (from athletics coaches) and walking to scheduled classes, which removes an element of (caffeine-influenced) volitional exertion. These may be reasons our data differ from those on free-living middle-aged Australians.(Torquati et al, 2018) Future studies on university students should control for team sport exercise by relating coffee/ caffeine intake to movement patterns of narrow athletic cohorts.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported in part by the University of Mount Union Inter-Science Research Club and Student Senate Research Fund.

Harris, M., Putman, R., Ruffner, K., Slack, G., Vansickle, A., Mendel, R., and Lowery, L.

Exercise Science Program and Biochemistry Program, University of Mount Union, Alliance, OH, USA

Correspondence: Lowery, L (LoweryLM@mountunion.edu)

Background

Caffeinated drinks are frequently ingested pre-exercise for ergogenic effects. Previous coffee data from our laboratory (Wise, et al. 2014) suggested similar bench press enhancement between sexes. There is, however little research comparing women to men in psychometric and catecholamine responses in this pre-exercise setting. We hypothesized that alertness and epinephrine (EPI) responses to coffee-plus-exercise would not differ between sexes.

Materials and Methods

Sixty minutes after randomized ingestion of Starbucks Via instant coffee (VIA) or decaffeinated coffee (DCF), fasted participants (19 men;18 women) engaged in Smith machine bench pressing and squatting at 50% of one-repetition maximum, followed by vertical jumps. Alertness (Likert-type scale 1-5) was assessed and blood draws of a random subset (6 men; 4 women) were taken immediately post-absorption and post-exercise. Samples were analyzed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for EPI. Factorial ANOVA and SNK post-hoc were performed using Statistica Software 13.3 with significance set at ≤0.05 and values of p=0.06-0.10 considered trends.

Results

A significant drink-by-sex interaction for alertness occurred across all subjects: Women post-exercise (VIA 4.4±1.3 vs. DCF 3.2±1.7; p≤0.05) vs. men (VIA 4.2±1.8 vs. DCF 3.7±1.7; p<0.05). Covaried for body mass, women still trended toward higher alertness (p<0.10). In the subset with both psychometric and hormonal data, greater alertness enhancement for women was (VIA 4.8±0.5 vs. DCF 3.2±0.5; p<0.05) vs. men (VIA 4.4±0.6 vs. DCF 4.3±1.0; p>0.05). Alertness enhancement was consistent with EPI elevation, which showed a trend (p<0.10): Women VIA 135.9±97.9% vs DCF 5.6±29.7%; men VIA 21.0±87.2% vs. DCF 27.1±95.9%. Covarying for baseline EPI dissolved the trend (p>0.05). A large effect size for EPI percent change was seen for women (2.04) but not men (0.07).

Conclusion

The complete data set failed to support our hypothesis that sexes would not differ in alertness after a cup of coffee and exercise. Women became more alert, which persisted as a trend after adjusting for body weight. Further, a subset of women exhibited greater change in alertness which coincided with the statistical trend and large effect size in EPI elevation compared to men. Future research should employ various coffee types, exercise protocols, and serum measurements across all subjects.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported in part by the University of Mount Union Inter-Science Research Club and Student Senate Research Fund.

Gabriel J. Sanders¹, Haley Libs¹, Brian Boos¹, Frank Shipley¹, Corey A. Peacock²

¹Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA; ²Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA

Correspondence: Gabriel J. Sanders (sandersg1@nku.edu)

Background

Jump loads in volleyball are generally, well understood. However, less is known about the aerobic demands and caloric cost of preseason volleyball training and how it may influence muscle glycogen content. It is reasonable to suggest that excessive preseason training loads may significantly alter muscle contractile properties and even glycogen stores, thus hampering performance. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to assess the influence of caloric expenditure, heart rate responses, and perceived training load on muscle glycogen content measured via high frequency ultrasound throughout a preseason period in division I volleyball athletes.

Materials and methods

Thirteen division I female volleyball athletes (18–22 years old) were monitored throughout a preseason training camp that included 13 practices across nine days. Initially, height and weight were measured upon arrival to campus. Then each morning, while seated in the supine position with both legs straight, athletes’ right and left rectus femoris (RF) were scanned using high frequency ultrasound (Phillips Lumify L12-4 Transducer, Bothell, WA, USA). The scanned images were analyzed with validated MuscleSound® software (MuscleSound, Glendale, CO, USA) to calculate a muscle fuel rating score (glycogen content) by detecting variations in the greyscale ultrasound image of the RF muscle. The software isolates the muscle fibers of the RF and calculates the mean pixel intensity (greyscale brightness) of the scans to create a muscle fuel rating arbitrary unit (AU) ranging from 0–100. Then, throughout each practice, athletes wore chest electrode heart rate devices (Polar Team Pro System, Polar Global, Kempele, Finland) to record caloric expenditure, average heart rate (HR_avg), and maximum heart rate (HR_max). To enhance the accuracy of caloric expenditure estimations, age, height, weight, and HR_max from the conditioning test were entered in to the Polar software. Lastly, at the end of each practice, athletes reported their RPE and RPE was then multiplied by the practice duration to produce a training load metric called session-RPE (s-RPE).

Results. A forward regression analyzed if calories (1699 ± 981 kcals), HR_avg (132 ± 14 BPM), HR_max (184 ± 11 BPM), and s-RPE (1689 ± 942) accounted for variations in muscle fuel ratings (42 ± 16 AU) throughout the preseason. Muscle fuel rating was significantly, negatively related to caloric expenditure in practice (r = -.405, p < 0.001). Caloric expenditure was a significant predictor of glycogen content (β = - 0.007, p < 0.001), however, HR_avg (β = -.192, p = 0.102), HR_max (β = -.080, p = 0.388), and s-RPE (β = .157, p = 0.273) were not significant predictors.

Conclusions

Caloric expenditure is a significant predictor when monitoring changes in muscle fuel ratings (glycogen content) throughout a volleyball preseason. High frequency ultrasound is a non-invasive tool that can measure glycogen content and may help practitioners objectively monitor athlete nutrition and even hydration.

Taylor K. Dinyer¹, M. Travis Byrd¹, Pasquale J. Succi¹, Brian J. Wallace², Haley C. Bergstrom¹

¹Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; ²Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI, USA

Correspondence: Taylor K. Dinyer (taylor.dinyer@uky.edu)

Background

The 3-min all-out test provides estimates of aerobic (critical power [CP]) and anaerobic (anaerobic work capacity [AWC]; peak power [PP]) energy system capacities, and average power output (mean power [MP]). The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement on aerobic and anaerobic parameters during a 3-min all-out test.

Materials and Methods

Thirteen men (Age: 22±2 yrs; Height: 177.8±8.0 cm; Weight: 84.5±12.9 kg) participated in this double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The subjects performed 2 separate 3-min all-out tests on the cycle ergometer at a resistance set at 4.5% of body weight. Thirty minutes prior to the test, the subjects ingested either a placebo (PL) or supplement (SUP) containing citrulline malate (6g), leucine (4g), aspartic acid (3g), creatine hydrochloride (2g), beta-alanine (1.6g), tyrosine (1.2g), and caffeine anhydrous (350mg). The CP was the average power output over the final 30-sec of the test (150-180 sec) and the AWC reflected the work done above CP using the following equation: AWC = 150 sec (P₁₅₀ – CP), where P₁₅₀ is the average power output for the first 150 sec of the test. Mean power and PP were calculated as the average power output over 180-sec and the highest 5-sec power output reached during the test, respectively. Separate, paired samples t-tests were used to compare CP, AWC, PP, and MP between the PL and SUP trials at an alpha level of p≤0.05.

Results

Paired samples t-tests indicated no difference between the PL and SUP trials for CP (PL: 212±32 W; SUP: 216±33 W; p=0.277), AWC (PL: 15.0±2.9 kJ; SUP: 15.6±3.1 kJ; p=0.258), and PP (PL: 750±136 W; SUP: 751±134 W; p=0.943). However, the MP was greater (p=0.037) for the SUP (302±40 W) compared to the PL (295±35 W) trial.

Conclusions

The multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement examined in this study did not affect parameters (CP, AWC, or PP) reflective of specific energy systems, but did result in an increase in MP, compared to the PL. These effects may be related to caffeine’s role as an adenosine receptor antagonist and decreases in the perception of effort over 3-min that were not reflected in the aerobic and anaerobic parameters (CP, AWC, and PP) defined from shorter epochs during the test. Thus, ingestion of a pre-workout supplement prior to high-intensity activities of at least 3 min may decrease perception of effort that allows for maintenance of a higher average power output.

Acknowledgements

The supplement examined in this study was provided by MusclePharm Inc. (MusclePharm, Denver, CO) and the placebo was provided by True Nutrition (True Nutrition, Vista, CA).

LesLee Funderburk¹, Jay Yoo¹, Darryn Willoughby²

¹Family & Consumer Sciences, Robbins College of Health & Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; ²Health, Human Performance & Recreation, Robbins College of Health & Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA

Correspondence: LesLee Funderburk (leslee_funderburk@baylor.edu)

Background

This study investigated the effects of l-leucine (leu) supplementation with resistance training (RT) in untrained mid-life women on strength, lean body mass, and body image.

Materials and Methods

This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, in which thirty-five untrained women were randomly assigned to either a 5 g leu or 5 g placebo supplement group coupled with 10 weeks of RT. Subjects were instructed to follow their normal dietary intake. Self-recorded food records were analyzed at baseline and end of study and compared to their total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) calculated via an estimation equation, to determine whether participants were hypo- or hyper-caloric.

Measures of outcome: Strength, lean body mass, and body image were assessed before and after intervention. Data were analyzed by utilizing separate 2 x 2 [Group x Time (Pre-Test and Post-Test)] factorial analyses of variance with repeated measures and t-tests (p ≤ .05).

Results

There were significant increases in strength in both groups in response to RT (p < 0.05), but not supplementation, with no significant increases or differences between groups in lean body mass in response to supplementation. Body image scores significantly improved from baseline in both groups (p < 0.05), with no significant differences between groups. Total kcals at baseline and end of study ranged from 1471 – 1642/day and as compared to TDEE, indicated that subjects were hypocaloric at the time the dietary analyses were completed.

Conclusion

Mid-life women had significant increases in strength due to RT. This is an important finding, as they were estimated to be hypocaloric throughout study. Self-perceived body image improved by end of study, presumably associated with the increases in strength versus supplementation.

David D. Church¹, Stefan M. Pasiakos², Robert R. Wolfe¹, and Arny A. Ferrando¹

¹Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; ²Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA

Correspondence: David D. Church (dchurch@uams.edu)

Background

The effects of exogenous testosterone (T) administration on muscle protein anabolism and lean body mass accrual are well established. The muscle protein kinetic mechanisms through which T administration improves anabolism are less appreciated. Fasted net muscle protein balance is improved in healthy males following a 5d treatment with an oral T analogue or T injection. In the post-absorptive state, the essential amino acid (AA) precursors for protein synthesis (PS) at the whole body level are derived entirely from protein breakdown (PB). In certain tissues and organs, the precursors for PS can be derived from uptake of circulating AA. Improved synthetic efficiency of muscle protein in the post-absorptive state in response to T refers to an increase in the rate of PS relative to the rates of PB and inward AA transport. Whether the effects of exogenous T on muscle protein kinetics occur acutely upon exposure is not known.

Materials and Methods

We investigated the effects of acute T exposure on leg muscle protein kinetics and selected AA transport using the arteriovenous balance model, and direct calculations of mixed-muscle protein fractional synthesis (FSR) and breakdown (FBR) rates. Four healthy men were studied over a 5 hour period with and without T; infusion rate= 0.25 mg·min^-1, providing 30mg of T over the course of the study. Free testosterone concentrations in serum were determined by a double antibody method with commercial radio immunoassays (Diagnostic Products, Los Angeles, CA), the intra-assay CV was 2.9%. The area under the curve (AUC) throughout the entire infusion protocol (0 to 5 hr) was calculated using the trapezoidal method. Data are presented as means ± SEM. All variables were compared by paired samples t-test with statistical significance designated at α ≤ 0.05.

Results

Muscle protein FSR, FBR, and net protein balance (direct measures and model derived) were not affected by T, despite a significant increases in arterial (p = 0.009) and venous (p = 0.064) free T area under the curve during T infusion. T infusion had minimal effects on AA transport kinetics.

Conclusions

These data indicate that exposing skeletal muscle to T does not confer immediate effects on AA kinetics or muscle anabolism. There remains an uncertainty as to the earliest discernable effects of T on skeletal muscle protein kinetics after initial administration.

Denise Zdzieblik^1,2, Patrick Jendricke¹, Steffen Oesser², Albert. Gollhofer¹, Daniel König¹,

¹Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; ²CRI, Collagen Research Institute GmbH Kiel, Germany

Correspondence: Denise Zdzieblik (denise.zdzieblik@cri-mail.org)

Background

Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is quite common among competitive athletes, and there is still a need for better therapeutic approaches to prevent or treat the condition. In a previous investigation, specific collagen peptides (TENDOFORTE®) were shown to enhance the perceived function of the ankle as measured by the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT), and the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM; German Version) [1].

The objective of this study was to perform a more detailed exploratory examination of the data from the study by Dressler et al. [1] to gain a greater understanding of the impact of TENDOFORTE® on CAI patients.

Materials and Methods

The statistical analysis consisted of data from 50 male and female athletes with CAI (26.9 ± 9.1 years). Over a period of 6 months, the participants received either 5 g TENDOFORTE® or 5 g placebo (maltodextrin). In addition, all the subjects were asked to follow a standardized ankle-loading protocol. FAAM-G and CAIT questionnaires were obtained at baseline (T₀) and 6 months (T₆).

Results

Overall, the CAIT and FAAM scores improved in the group receiving collagen peptides to a statistically significantly greater extent than in the placebo group (p < 0.05). When considering each item, the improvements were reported mainly for sporting activities by the FAAM subscale “Sports” (Figure). With the exception of “Performing with proper techniques” (p = 0.060), the improvements for all the items were statistically significantly greater in the treatment group than the placebo group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, CAIT scores in the treatment group improved in all items by 9 – 33 %. In contrast, only 7 of 9 CAIT items improved in the placebo group by 2 – 22 %.

Conclusion

These findings demonstrate that the daily intake of 5 g specific collagen peptides (TENDOFORTE®) was associated significantly with improvements in sports-related activities among patients suffering from chronic ankle instability.

Percentage changes in the FAAM subscale scores “Sports” (n = 50)

Full size image

Acknowledgement

The authors have neither financial nor competing interests concerning the outcome of this investigation.

Reference:

1. Dressler, P., Gehring, D., Zdzieblik, D., Oesser, S., Gollhofer, A., and König, D. Improvement of Functional Ankle Properties Following Supplementation with Specific Collagen Peptides in Athletes with Chronic Ankle Instability. J. Sports Sci. Med. 2018 17, 298–304.

David D. Church, Arny A. Ferrando, and Robert R. Wolfe

¹Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA

Correspondence: David D. Church (dchurch@uams.edu)

Background

It is well-established that the essential amino acid (EAA) component of protein is responsible for the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis. Ingestion of free-form EAA produce a robust increase in muscle protein synthesis. In younger subjects, studies have shown that a dose as small as 3g of EAA can stimulate muscle protein synthesis, with a maximal response elicited by ingesting 15g. However, there is a reported anabolic resistance to protein in older populations. Thus, we sought to determine if submaximal doses of free-form EAA would stimulate muscle protein synthesis in older volunteers.

Materials and Methods

Eleven subjects (67 ± 6 (SD) years; 5M: 6F) received 3.6g and 12 subjects (68 ± 5 years; 8M: 4F) received 10.8g of an EAA formula. Subjects were studied for 2 hours in the fasted state and 3 hours after EAA ingestion. Muscle biopsies were taken at 3, 5, and 8 hours after initiation of tracer infusion to determine fractional rate of protein synthesis (FSR). Blood draw were obtained between hours 5 and 8 to calculate the area under the curve (AUC) response for total EAA’s. Data are presented as means ± SD. A group × time repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyze muscle FSR changes. Independent samples t-test were used to analyze AUC measures with statistical significance designated at α ≤ 0.05.

Results

A significant main effect of time (p ≤ 0.001) was observed for muscle FSR with both the 3.6g (0.0568 ± 0.0338%/hr) and the 10.8g (0.0691 ± 0.0412%/hr) increasing from the fasted period to the fed period. However, the increase in the muscle FSR response was not significantly different between the two conditions (p = 0.921). The EAA AUC was significantly greater following the 10.8g (272.7 mol/L/min) as compared to the 3.6g (185.4 mol/L/min).

Conclusions

Despite a significantly higher EAA AUC the muscle FSR response was not significantly enhanced by 10.8g as compared to 3.6g of free-form EAA’s. Therefore, ingestion of 3.8g of free-form EAA’s appears to be a viable way to maximize protein synthesis in elderly subjects.

Emily J Ryan¹, Tareq, Shahbal², Kayla Klett², Jason Edsall³, Andres E. Carrillo³ and Edward J. Ryan³

¹West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; ²Department of Biology, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; ³Department of Movement Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Correspondence: Emily J Ryan (ejfickes@hsc.wvu.edu)

Background

Low Heart Rate Variability is resultant from increased Sympathetic input and/or decreased parasympathetic input and has been associated with an increase in risk of cardiac mortality Caffeine is widely used by recreational athletes to enhance performance. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of a lower dose of caffeine on heart rate variability before and after exercise in recreationally active adults.

Materials and methods

Nine apparently healthy, younger (23 ± 4 years) adults participated in three separate laboratory sessions. During the first visit, subjects underwent a submaximal single staged treadmill test to predict maximal oxygen consumption (VO_2max). For the next two visits (experimental testing) subjects arrived at the Exercise Science Laboratory between 0600 and 1200 hours, were fitted with a Polar V800 heart rate monitor, and sat quietly for 10 min for baseline assessment of heart rate variability. Thereafter two pieces of Military Energy Gum [caffeine (CAFF) or placebo (PLA)] were administered in a double-blind manner. Subjects were instructed to chew the gum for 5 min then expectorate. Following a standard warm-up, subjects walked at 60% VO_2max for 20 min. Subjects then immediately sat and rested for 30 min for heart rate variability assessment. R-R interval data were downloaded to a PC and heart rate variability indices were assessed via Kubios HRV Standard software.

Results

Heart rate variability indices data were analyzed via a 2 (treatment) by 4 (time) analysis of variance(ANOVA). The ANOVA demonstrated a main effect of treatment for an increase in the Root Mean Square of Successive Differences (RMSSD) (p = .004). No main effect of treatment or treatment by time interaction was noted for all other indices assessed (p ≥ 0.110).

Conclusions

These data demonstrated that a modest dose of caffeine improved RMSSD before and after exercise in recreational adults.

Thomas D. Cardaci¹, Steven B. Machek¹, Paul S. Hwang¹, Dylan T. Wilburn¹, Emiliya S. Suezaki¹, Darryn S. Willoughby¹, FISSN

¹Exercise & Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance, & Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA

Correspondence: Darryn S. Willoughby (darryn_willoughby@baylor.edu)

Background

Curcumin is a natural polyphenolic compound extracted from turmeric commonly combined with piperine (to increase bioavailability). Due to its profound antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, curcumin supplementation has become popular amongst athletes to treat skeletal muscle inflammation and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). However, data to show curcumin’s ability to attenuate DOMS is inconclusive. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of curcumin and piperine on DOMS following exercise induced muscle damage. A secondary purpose of this study was to investigate curcumin and piperine’s effect on perceived exertion (RPE) of the exercise bout.

Materials and Methods

Twenty-three recreationally active male and female participants were randomized into two groups (Curcumin + Piperine [n=11]; or Placebo + Piperine [n=12]). Both groups were instructed to consume 2g of their respective supplement and 20mg of piperine for eleven consecutive days. Following eight consecutive days of supplementation, participants performed a 45-min eccentrically biased muscle damaging treadmill protocol at 60% VO_2max. Using the Borg Scale (6-20), RPE was monitored in 5 min intervals during the muscle damage protocol. Participants reported DOMS by drawing an intersecting mark across a continuum line extending from 0 to 13 (0 = no soreness, 13 = extreme soreness) immediately before and 3-, 24-, 48-, and 72-hours post muscle damage protocol. A 2x5 mixed model ANOVA with pairwise comparisons (DOMS) and an independent T-test (RPE) were conducted with significance set at P<0.05.

Results

No significant difference in average RPE (t₍₂₁₎=0.26, p = .979) was found between placebo + piperine 14.72 (±1.57) vs. 14.74 (±2.16) curcumin + piperine conditions. No significant differences in DOMS was observed at any time points between conditions (F_(1, 20)= 0.42, p = .524, η² = .021). However, there was a significant time effect for DOMS (F_(4, 20)= 29.6, p < .001, η² = .597). Pairwise comparisons indicated that DOMS was significantly greater from baseline at all time points except 72 hours post exercise induced muscle damage (p = .082).

Conclusions

The muscle damage protocol appears to induce DOMS 3-, 24-, and 48-hours post exercise with no differences between groups. Therefore, curcumin and piperine did not mitigate participant perceived muscle soreness. Moreover, equivocal RPE between groups indicate no differences in participant perceived exertion of the muscle damage protocol. While these subjective indicators provide insight, more objective/measurable markers may establish a more comprehensive mechanism of curcumin and piperine’s effects on skeletal muscle damage.

Dylan T. Wilburn¹, Thomas D. Cardaci¹, Steven B. Machek¹, Paul S. Hwang¹, Darryn S. Willoughby¹, FISSN

¹Exercise & Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance, & Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA

Correspondence: Darryn S. Willoughby (darryn_willoughby@baylor.edu)

Background

The positive effects of carbohydrate supplementation and aerobic exercise has been studied extensively over the past century. There have been few studies that view changes in performance and recovery responses to carbohydrate supplementation with exhaustive resistance exercise. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate how carbohydrate influences resistance exercise performance.

Materials and Methods

Ten apparently healthy male individuals with at least a year of resistance exercise experience were recruited for this study. The mean (±SD) age, mass, and body fat percentage was 21 (±2.27) years, 90.4 (±19.3) kg, and 20 (±8.5) %, respectively. The first visit consisted of baseline preliminary test to determine 1-RM on angled leg press, a 30 min recovery, followed by four sets of reps to fatigue protocol at 70% of that 1-RM. The reps to fatigue protocol consisted of four sets to failure separated by 45 s of rest. Foot positioning and knee angle ROM were standardized for each participant for each visit. For visits 2 and 3, participants were divided in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over experimental design, participants completed the same reps to fatigue bout after ingesting either placebo or carbohydrate. At the start of each visit, participants ingested either a maltodextrin carbohydrate supplement at 2 g/kg body mass or non-caloric, identically-tasting placebo, and waited 30 min before completing the four sets of reps to fatigue. A 2x4 repeated measures ANOVA and a pair samples t-test were conducted at a significance level of p < .05.

Results

No significant difference in total reps to fatigue (t₍₉₎=-1.47, p = .174) was found between placebo 53.8 (±7.8) vs. 51.8 (±6.9) carbohydrate conditions. No significant difference in reps completed was seen between conditions within each individual set (F_(1, 9)= 2.169, p = .175, η² = .194). However, there was a significant difference in reps completed between sets for both conditions (F_(3, 9)= 126.1, p < .001, η² = .933). Pairwise comparisons indicated that there was a significant decrease in reps completed between all sequential sets in both conditions, except sets 3 and 4 (p = .212).

Conclusions

Carbohydrate did not appear to have any effect on resistance exercise performance when completed to fatigue. Similarly, carbohydrate consumption did not alter recovery between sets which is indicated by the total reps to fatigue within each set being identical between conditions. This indicates that carbohydrate did not have any impact on performance or acute inter-set recovery during the exhaustive resistance exercise bout.

Casey L. Sexton, Christopher G. Vann, Shelby C. Osburn, Paul A. Roberson, Carlton D. Fox, McLelland-Rae Johnson, Jacob Z. Shake, Michael D. Roberts

School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA

Correspondence: Michael D. Roberts (mdr0024@auburn.edu)

Background

Different paradigms of load and volume are selected during training so that a specific fitness characteristic can be improved, and high-load training has generally been characterized by the frequent use of loads exceeding 85% of a 1RM with the aim of increasing strength. When loads of this magnitude are used, lower volume is often implemented due to acute fatigue to the PCr pathway, because of which we would not expect to see concomitant increases in fat-free mass. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 10 weeks of high-load, moderate- to low-volume training on changes in fat-free mass and estimated 1RM back squat. Additionally we sought to investigate if PRE knee extensor peak torque at 60 and 120 deg/sec and PRE fat-free mass were predictive of back squat performance following this intervention.

Materials and Methods

16 recreationally trained, college-aged males completed a 10 week self-reported, high-load, moderate- to low- volume training program. At PRE and POST training, participants performed a series of tests including bio-electrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) to determine fat-free mass, isokinetic dynamometry at 60 and 120 deg/sec to determine knee extension peak torque, and 3RM back squat to estimate maximal lower body strength.

Results

PRE fat-free mass trended to be different from POST fat-free mass (p = 0.054). PRE knee extension peak torque at 60 deg/sec explained ~31% of the variance in POST estimated 1RM back squat ( r 2 = 0.312, p = 0.025). PRE knee extensor peak torque at 120 deg/sec explained ~33% of the variance in POST estimated 1RM back squat (r 2 = 0.329, p = 0.020). PRE fat-free mass explained ~37% of the variance in POST estimated 1RM back squat ( r 2 = 0.375, p = 0.012).

Conclusions

Fat-free mass does not seem to change with high-load, moderate- to low-volume training. PRE training knee extension peak torque at 60 and 120 deg/sec and PRE fat-free mass are possibly predictive of POST training estimated 1RM back squat in this population.

Steven B. Machek, Paul S. Hwang, Thomas D. Cardaci, Emiliya S. Suezaki, Caelin Kim, Dylan T. Wilburn, & Darryn S. Willoughby, FISSN

¹ Exercise & Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance, & Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA

Correspondence: Darryn S. Willoughby (darryn_willoughby@baylor.edu)

Background

Powerlifting is a barbell sport consisting of the squat, bench press, and deadlift. Powerlifting training and competition is highly dependent on the immediate energy pathway, where adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is made available by the ATP-phosphocreatine system. In Powerlifting competition, the Wilks Coefficient is a popular and common means to normalize performance relative to bodyweight. Therefore, the purpose of this study was 1) to compare various markers associated with creatine content to Powerlifter Wilks coefficient, and 2) compare these markers between genders.

Materials and Methods

Twelve actively competing Powerlifters (PL; n = 6M/6F) and twelve sedentary controls (CON; n = 6M/6F) were recruited for this cross-sectional analysis. After providing consent and dietary logs, subjects donated ~20mL blood and underwent a percutaneous muscle biopsy from the vastus lateralis using the fine needle aspiration method. Dietary macronutrients, serum total creatine (STC), relative serum creatinine (rCRT), muscle total creatine (MTC), and muscle creatine transporter (SLC6A8) were analyzed via multiple 2x2 (group x gender) analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a significance of p<0.05. MTC was compared to Wilks Coefficient using Pearson correlation coefficients at a significance of p<0.05. In the case of trending significance (p<0.10), PL was further divided into intermediate (PLI; n=5) and advanced (PLA; n=7) groups based on mean Wilks Coefficient. A 3x2 (group [PLA, PLI, CON] x gender) and a 2x2 (group [PLA, PLI] x gender) ANOVA were employed to detect differences between all groups and between Powerlifters, respectively.

Results

There were no significant group, gender, or interaction effects between PL and CON for relative STC, MTC, or SLC6A8. Serum rCRT revealed a significant gender effect across all three groups (p=0.009), as well as a significant group (p<0.001), gender (p=0.004), and interaction effect (p=0.013) between PLI and PLA. Females overall demonstrated greater rCRT verus all groups, and female PLI had higher rCRT versus PLA of either gender. Pearson correlation analysis revealed non-significant, low-moderate correlation between Wilks coefficient and MTC (r = 0.488; p = 0.108).

Conclusions

These results imply markers of creatine in both muscle and serum are not predictive of performance in Powerlifting, defined by Wilks coefficient. Overall, variations in Powerlifting performance across gender and skill do not convincingly result from changes in biochemical differences related to creatine metabolism. Therefore, these findings suggest other biochemical markers (fiber type, enzymatic differences, etc.) and/or neurological efficiency underline variations in Powerlifting skill.

Acknowledgments

This poster uses data from the OpenPowerlifting project, https://www.openpowerlifting.org. You may download a copy of the data at http://gitlab.com/openpowerlifting/opl-data.

Joshua L. Keller, Terry J. Housh, Ethan C. Hill, Cory M. Smith, Richard J. Schmidt, Glen O. Johnson

University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, Lincoln, NE, USA

Correspondence: Joshua L. Keller (joshua.keller@huskers.unl.edu)

Background

Sports nutrition-related investigations have previously examined the ability to mitigate performance fatigability during various exercises. In addition, previous investigations have utilized the RPE clamp protocol to examine the efficacy of ergogenic aids during aerobic exercise, but not resistance training. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine potential applications of the RPE clamp model and sex-related differences in performance fatigability as a result of a sustained isometric leg extension muscle action anchored to RPE=5.

Materials and Methods

Twenty college-aged adults (10 men: 22.9 ± 2.0 yrs, 180.6 ± 7.3 cm, 79.8 ± 8.5 kg and 10 women: 23.1 ± 2.3 yrs, 172.5 ± 10.1 cm, 77.1 ± 26.6 kg) performed sustained muscle actions at RPE=5 for a maximal duration of 5-min. The MVICs were performed prior to (pretest) and following (posttest) the sustained isometric muscle actions. The force values were calculated every 5% of the actual time-limit (20 total timepoints) and normalized to pretest MVIC. A 2 (Sex: Men, Women) × 2 (Test: Pretest, Posttest) mixed factorial ANOVA was used to examine mean differences in performance fatigability. Regression and slope analyses were used to examine the patterns of force decline for the men and women.

Results

There was no significant (p=0.28) interaction, but there were significant main effects for Test (p<0.001; \( {\upeta}_{\mathrm{p}}^2 \)=0.735) and Sex (p=0.008; \( {\upeta}_{\mathrm{p}}^2 \)=0.329). The follow-up t-tests for decreases in force pretest to posttest (performance fatigability) were significant for the men (62.9 ± 14.4 kg to 48.3 ± 12.9 kg; p<0.001, d=1.07) and women (47.3 ± 8.9 to 36.7 ± 5.3 kg; p=0.003, d=1.45). In addition, the pretest MVIC was significantly (p=0.01; d=1.30) greater for the men than women. During the sustained muscle action, there was a significantly (p=0.02) greater linear rate of force decline for the men (b ± SE: -0.13 ± 0.01; r²=0.88) than the women (-0.10 ± 0.01; r²=0.90).

Conclusions

In conclusion, the men were stronger than the women and demonstrated a significantly greater magnitude as well as rate of performance fatigability than the women during the sustained muscle action anchored to RPE=5. Thus, the RPE clamp provides a feasible methodology to examine the efficacy of various ergogenic aids as well as their potential associated sex-specific responses. Future studies should aim to reduce the magnitude and/or rate of performance fatigability with the implementation of an ergogenic aid.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all the subjects for their participation.

John Paul Anders¹, Joshua Keller¹, Cory Smith², Ethan Hill³, Terry Housh¹, Glen Johnson¹, Richard Schmidt¹

¹Department of Human Sciences, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA ; ²College of Health Sciences, Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA; ³School of Kinesiology & Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA

Correspondence: John Paul Anders (janders@huskers.unl.edu)

Background

Fatigue is the inability to maintain performance over time. For athletes, success is largely predicated on their ability to mitigate fatigue and optimize performance throughout a task. Many sport supplements are designed to improve athletic performance by delaying the process of fatigue under various exercise conditions. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of fatigue during maximal unilateral and bilateral isokinetic leg extensions.

Materials and Methods

Ten men (X̅ ± SD; age 22.9 ± 3.7 yrs; weight 80.4 ± 7.9 kg; height 177.8 ± 6.7 cm) volunteered to participate in this study. After a familiarization visit, the subjects visited the laboratory on 3 different occasions, separated by a least 48 hours. After a warm up of 5 submaximal isokinetic leg extensions, the subjects performed 2 maximal isokinetic leg extensions at 180 ̊ s^-1 to determine peak torque (PT) of the right leg only (RO), left leg only (LO), and bilaterally (BL), in randomized order. The assessment of PT was followed by 50 consecutive, fatiguing, maximal leg extensions at 180 ̊ s^-1. Each test visit randomized the fatiguing task to be performed for the RO, LO, or BL condition. Each repetition was normalized to the highest pre-fatigued PT value. Linear regression and comparisons of the slope coefficients were conducted to determine if there were significant differences in the rates of fatigue between the unilateral and bilateral conditions.

Results

There were significant linear decreases (p< 0.001) in normalized torque for RO (r² = 0.94), LO (r² = 0.96) and BL (r² = 0.90). The rate of fatigue was significantly greater (p < 0.001) for the RO (b= -1.04 ± 0.04) and LO (b= -1.10 ± 0.03) than the BL condition (b = -0.54 ± 0.03). The rate of fatigue was also significantly greater (p = 0.017) for the LO than the RO condition.

Conclusions

The results of this study demonstrated that 50 maximal, isokinetic leg extensions at 180 ̊ s^-1 resulted in 50 (RO) to 52% (LO) greater rates of fatigue when performed unilaterally compared to bilaterally. Future research can use these methods to determine the ergogenic efficacy of supplements aimed at reducing the rate of fatigue. Furthermore, these investigations can be tailored to mode-specific conditions (i.e. unilateral or bilateral) best suited to represent an athlete’s needs.

Mathilde Guerville¹, Marina Fabre^2,3, Bertrand Mathieu⁴, Cédric Leduc⁴, Eve Tiollier², Matthieu Clauss², Alexandre Marchand⁵, Julien Robineau⁴, Tanguy Serenari², Julien Piscione⁴, Victoire Visseaux⁶, Jacqueline Brasy¹, Pascale Le Ruyet¹, Xavier Bigard^2,7

¹Research and Development Lactalis, Retiers, France; ²Unité Recherche Laboratoire Sport, Expertise et Performance (SEP), INSEP, Paris, France; ³Performance Department, Paris Saint-Germain Football Club, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France; ⁴French Rugby Federation, Marcoussis, France ; ⁵Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage, Paris, France ; ⁶Lactalis Ingredients USA, Buffalo, NY, USA; ⁷Union Cycliste Internationale, Aigle, Switzerland

Correspondence: Eve Tiollier (eve.tiollier@insep.fr)

Background

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a recovery drink comprising soluble milk proteins and carbohydrates for maintaining physical performance during a simulated rugby seven tournament.

Materials and Methods

12 well-trained male rugby players achieved a typical day of a rugby seven tournament, with the achievement of the sequence of 3 simulated matches, intersected with 2 hours of recovery [1]. They performed the same protocol for 3 consecutive weekends. The only difference between each day of rugby tournament was the beverage consumed- in a cross-over double-blind manner- after each simulated rugby match (two 7-min halves). The drinks tested were either a placebo drink (PLA, water), a carbohydrate drink (CHO, 80g of carbohydrates) or an iso-energetic carbohydrates-proteins drink (P-CHO, 20g of pronativ® and 60g of carbohydrates). Physical performance (speed, endurance and power) were measured before the first match (PRE) and after the third match of the day (POST). Muscular-damages markers (specific muscular targeted microRNAs, plasma Creatine-Phosphokinase (CPK), and muscle pain assessment by VAS) were measured before and after simulated tournament at different time points: PRE, POST, after 6 hours and 12 hours of recovery (POST6 and POST12). In order to assess the practical meaning of the results, data were analyzed using the magnitude-based inference approach [2].

Results

Regarding physical performance at the end of the day (PRE-POST), the P-CHO condition appeared to have a likely moderate to large positive effect on the running velocity from 30m to 50m, compared to the PLA condition. The CHO condition shows similar effects although of lesser magnitude (likely small to moderate positive effect). At POST, CHO and P-CHO beverages probably improve endurance capacity compared to PLA (small).Regarding muscular damages markers, the P-CHO beverage probably attenuates the CPK increase observed at POST6 compared to PLA (moderate). Both P-CHO and CHO very likely and likely, respectively, lowered the increase of miR-1 (marker of muscle damage) at POST compared to PLA (moderate). Finally, P-CHO drinks reduces muscular pain at palpation and pain during stairs descending, respectively probably and possibly (small).

Conclusions

This study was the first to examine the effects of different types of recovery drinks in ecological conditions of a simulated rugby seven tournament. It showed the interest to consume a recovery drink comprising soluble milk proteins and carbohydrates, compared to water, for optimizing the physical performance stability throughout the day, and for attenuating the tournament-induced increase in muscle-damages markers.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by Lactalis, France.

References

1. Furlan N, Waldron M, Osborne M, Gray AJ: Ecological validity and reliability of the rugby sevens simulation protocol. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2016, 11:749-755.

2. Hopkins WG, Marshall SW, Batterham AM, Hanin J. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009, 41: 3-13.

Edgar Tavares da Silva¹, Samile Amorin dos Santos¹, Aline Venticinque Caris¹, Graziela Rosa Ravacci², Ronaldo V T dos Santos³

¹Department of Psychobiology, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; ²Department of Gastroenterology of Medicine Faculty, USP, Brazil; ³ Department of Bioscience, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil

Correspondence: Edgar Tavares da Silva (tavares.silva@unifesp.br)

Background Different physiological and biochemical responses are generated during and after strenuous physical exercises. These modifications can negatively impact the immune and gastrointestinal system, which consequently cause a transient immunosuppression. Different strategies are adopted to minimize the damage caused by strenuous physical exercise, such as, macro and micronutrients supplementation. Recently studies evaluate the effects of probiotics supplementation on immune function and intestinal microbiota maintenance of athletes. Scientific evidence suggests that intestinal microbiota dysfunction impact negatively on the immune response. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of probiotic supplementation for 30 days on the symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections in athletes and salivary pattern after a marathon.

Materials and Methods

Fourteen marathoners were supplemented with probiotics with 10 x 10 ⁹ CFU of Lactobacillus Acidophilus, Lactobacillus Casei, Lactobacillus Lactis, Bifidobacterium Lactis and Bifidobacterium Bifidum (n = 07) or placebo -corn starch (n = 07) for thirty days. The study was double blind and controlled by placebo. Before the period of supplementation, 24 hours before the race, immediately after and 1 hour after the race were collected saliva for determination of salivary pattern and application of questionnaires for seven days for analysis of respiratory symptoms. The normality of the data was checked by Shapiro-Wilk test's, from the normal distribution of the data was applied two-way Anova with posthoc Tukey’s test and significance level adopted was of p ≤ 5%.

Results

Our results showed that probiotic supplementation is associated with a lower amount and severity of symptoms, with less recovery time and less URTI when compared with placebo group. In the first two days there was a higher number of symptoms in the group supplemented when compared to placebo p ≤ 5%. However, after the third day there was no significant difference. Besides that, the probiotic group after the fifth day did not show any symptoms, while in the placebo group was verified significant increase p ≤ 5% of URTS. Regarding salivary parameters, no significant differences were found between the groups in the concentration of IgA, salivary flow and the rate of salivary secretion.

Conclusions

Our results corroborate with the recent literature, demonstrating that 30 days of supplementation with probiotics is able to mitigate the immunodepression generated by strenuous exercise without, however, having been found significant changes in salivary parameters, that classically are singled out as immunoprotective of the mucosa and upper respiratory tract. Thus, we suggest that the immunomodulatory effect of probiotics is independent of the immunity of the oral mucosa.

Acknowledgements

Financial Support: FAPESP #2016/25821-5 and we declare that there is no conflict of interest in research.

Paul S. Hwang¹, Steven B. Machek¹, Thomas D. Cardaci¹, Caelin Kim¹, Dylan T. Wilburn¹, Emiliya S. Suezaki¹, & Darryn S. Willoughby¹, FISSN

¹Exercise & Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance, & Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA

Correspondence: Darryn S. Willoughby (darryn_willoughby@baylor.edu)

Background

Aerobic training (ET) is known to elicit intramuscular adaptations leading to elevations in mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative capacity, and mitochondrial function. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a novel supplement involved in physiological properties including redox modulation, cellular energy metabolism, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Since aerobic exercise and PQQ exhibit similar mechanisms underlying mitochondrial adaptations, it is plausible that PQQ may carry ergogenic potential. However, no data exists surrounding PQQ supplementation with exercise in humans. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a 6-week ET program in conjunction with PQQ or placebo (PLC) supplementation on aerobic performance in young untrained males.

Materials and Methods

In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, untrained [<3 hr/wk exercise for > 1 year prior to starting the study] males between the ages of 18-35 (n=23) were randomly assigned to ingest 20mg/day of encapsulated PQQ (n=12) or cellulose placebo (PLC; n=11) while participating in a supervised 6-week ET program (5d/wk). Participants completed 2 research visits (baseline and 6 weeks post-ET) and aerobic performance markers were assessed. Participants ingested their respective supplement prior to a VO₂peak test on a stationary bike. Aerobic performance variables included VO₂peak, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), ventilatory threshold (VT), maximal heart rate (HRmax), ventilation (VE), VT percentage of VO₂peak (VTpercVO₂Peak), and total test time (TT). Factorial 2x2 Supplement [PQQ/PLC] by Time [Pre/Post] ANOVA with repeated measures was conducted for all criterion variables with a significance level of p<0.05.

Results

There were no significant supplement by time interactions for all performance variables (p>0.05). However, 6 weeks of ET enabled significant improvements in VO2peak (p<0.001), VT (p<0.001), VTpercVO2Peak (p=0.003), VE (p<0.001), and TT (p<0.001). Additionally, the PQQ group had a lower overall RER compared to PLC (p=0.033). Although not statistically significant, 6 weeks of ET presented a higher mean improvement in VTpercVO₂peak for the PQQ group (9.425%) versus PLC (4.551%) (p=.256)

Conclusions

The current study suggests PQQ supplementation with 6 weeks of ET does not facilitate superior improvements in aerobic performance within untrained males over ET alone. However, the lower overall RER and higher mean improvements in VTpercVO₂peak within the PQQ group suggests possible improvements in aerobic efficiency. Additional research is needed to examine the extent to which these adaptations are underlined by PQQ’s role to enhance the mitochondrion at the molecular level. Furthermore, future research should explore whether variations in training status, duration, modality or intensity of exercise may elicit favorable ergogenic benefits with PQQ supplementation.

Joshua L Gills¹, Blake Spliker¹, Abigail Groos¹, Jeffery Rogers¹, Jordan M Glenn^1,2, Michelle Gray¹

¹University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA; ²Neurotrack Technologies Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA

Correspondence: Joshua L Gills (jgills@uark.edu)

Background

Citrulline-Malate (CM) purportedly increases performance through upregulating nitric oxide production (NO), which augments vasodilatory properties. Increased vasodilation leads to greater blood flow and oxygen delivery to working muscles during exercise. During races, cyclists regularly transition from aerobic to anaerobic states as they sprint towards the finish line. However, while several studies have investigated CM supplementation on cycling performance, none have examined this concept of performance benefits during aerobic cycling with subsequent transition to anaerobic cycling performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine effects of acute CM supplementation on aerobic cycling capacity and immediate subsequent anaerobic cycling performance in recreationally active males and females.

Materials and Methods

44 recreationally active (n = 31 males, n =13 females; Vo_2peak = 51.1 ± 10.8 ml•kg^-1•min^-1) subjects (62.0 ± 25.3 kg; 148.4 ± 57.1 cm, 20.8 ± 4.8 years) completed 2 randomized, crossover, double-blind trials consuming CM (8 g dextrose + 8 g CM) or a placebo (8 g dextrose). Prior to supplementation visits, subjects completed a Vo_2peak test and were familiarized to the cycling protocols on separate days. During supplementation trials, participants performed an aerobic time-to-exhaustion cycling protocol (TTE), followed by an immediate 30-second Wingate cycling test. To control for hormonal regulation, females were required to be menstruating during each intervention trial. A 1-week washout was required between trials. No alcohol, caffeine, or vigorous exercise was permitted 24-hours before trials and no food or drink intake was permitted up to 3 hours before trials.

Results

No significant differences in TTE performance time (p = .97) or TWC (p = .87) were observed between supplementation trials. Similar non-significant results were observed when transitioning to immediate anaerobic cycling performance on the Wingate for mean watts (p = .82), peak watts (p = .25), and anaerobic capacity (p = .99). A repeated-measures ANOVA revealed no significant difference between trials for fatigue (p = .65). Finally, independent of supplementation, significant differences (p > .01) were observed between sexes during TTE and Wingate performance for all variables.

Conclusions

There is natural transition from an aerobic to an anaerobic state as races commence (i.e. riders sprinting to the finish). However, in this study, CM did not increase performance in either sex as compared to the placebo. Future investigation should evaluate other supplementation options to improve this transition point as it is a critical component of competition.

Edward H. Robinson IV¹ (ehrobinson@meredith.edu)

¹ Exercise and Sports Science, Department of Nutrition, Health, and Human Performance, Meredith College, 3800 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC, USA

Background

Nutrition and supplementation are often utilized in research involving cognitive performance and energy utilization. Determining energy need in nutritional research is often an important component to insure a proper supplementation or nutritional prescription. Components of cognitive performance often associated with supplementation and physical activity include measures of awareness, stress, and focus. Sequestering participants, sometimes for several hours [1], in a quiet environment to insure that cognitive measures are consistent and a true resting metabolic rate is achieved is standard practice. To date, there has been little research to determine a threshold level of engagement which might impact cerebral function or resting metabolic rate with regard to this practice of isolation [2].

Materials and Methods

Twenty-three healthy women (Age: 19.3±0.1yrs; Weight; 68.87±9.7Kg; Height: 162.89±9cm) volunteered to participate in this study. Resting metabolic rate was measured in one 60 minute, crossover design session measuring VO₂ and electrical activity of the brain with four randomly assigned 15 minute measurement periods where individuals either relaxed with no external stimulation (BAS), were allowed to play a self-selected playlist of music (MUS), were allowed to use technology reading social media—with no sound or video (SOC), or were asked to play a video game (GAM). Outcomes were measured utilizing a repeated measures ANOVA.

Results

Repeated measures ANOVA with a Greenhouse-Geisser correction determined a significant difference observed for metabolic measurement (F(2.511,0.339)=3.366, p=0.032). Post hoc analysis revealed significance only between BAS and GAM (BAS: 3.07±0.1ml/kg/min; GAM: 3.3±0.11ml/kg/min, p=0.022). Significant differences were also seen for measures of awareness (F(2.014, 282.09)=12.51, p<0.001) with post hoc revealing significance between BAS and all other testing conditions(BAS: 26.12±0.35au; SOC: 31.86±1.243au, p<0.001; MUS: 32.46±1au, p<0.001; GAM: 29.63±0.82au, p=0.003). No significant differences were seen for stress metric (F(1.516, 106.6)=1.541, p=0.229) A significant difference was also observed for focus metric(F(2.28,507.6)=21.28, p<0.001). Post hoc analysis found significance only between BAS and GAM conditions (BAS: 41.65±0.9au; GAM: 50.6±1.81au, p<0.001).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that self-selected music or reading social media do not alter RMR or focus in college aged women. Higher level engagement, gameplay, did result in increased metabolic activity and heightened state of focus. While stress was not affected be increased engagement, arousal was increased above BAS in every category. The common practice of isolating or restricting individuals from all external stimuli during testing may not be necessary to obtain a true resting metabolic rate however, may still be advised if maintenance of basal cognitive performance is necessary.

References

1. 1.

   Gonzalez A, Hoffman J, Wells A, Mangine G, Townsend J, Jajtner A, Wang R, Miramonti A, Pruna G, LaMonica M, Bohner J. Effects of time-release caffeine containing supplement on metabolic rate, glycerol concentration and performance. Journal of sports science & medicine. 2015 Jun;14(2):322.

2. 2.

   Compher C, Frankenfield D, Keim N, Roth-Yousey L. Best practice methods to apply to measurement of resting metabolic rate in adults: a systematic review. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2006 Jun 1;106(6):881-903.

Carlton D. Fox¹, Kaelin C. Young^1,2, Christopher G. Vann¹, Paul A. Roberson¹, Shelby C. Osburn¹, Johnathon H. Moore¹, Petey W. Mumford¹, Matthew A. Romero¹, Darren T. Beck^1,2, Cody T. Haun³, Andreas N. Kavazis^1,2, Michael D. Roberts^1,2

¹School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL USA; ²Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine - Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL USA; ³LaGrange College, LaGrange, GA USA

Correspondence: Carlton D. Fox (cdf0007@auburn.edu)

Background

Several researchers have sought to isolate skeletal muscle myofibrillar protein for downstream assays. While various published methods exist, no study to date has thoroughly compared how these methods differ in protein yield and fidelity.

Materials and Methods

Herein, five different methods were used to isolate myofibrillar proteins from 20-25 mg gastrocnemius muscles of six male Fischer rats. These methods included: a) the guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction (Trizol) method, b) a general cell lysis (GCL) method using a 20 mM Tris/150 mM NaCl/1.0% Triton-X 100 buffer, c) a two-step method which included 20 mM Tris/100 mM KCl/5 mM EGTA/1.0%Triton-X 100 (step 1) + 20 mM Tris/500 mM KCl/20% glycerol (step 2) (MF method 1), d) MF method 1 modified to include 50 mM spermidine in step 2 (MF method 2), and e) a two-step method which included 20 mM Tris/0.5% Triton-X 100 (step 1) + 0.3 M sodium hydroxide (step 2) (MF method 3). Following isolation protocols, total myofibrillar protein concentrations were assessed using colorimetric spectrophotometry. The fidelity of myofibrillar proteins was also assessed using SDS-PAGE followed by Coomassie staining as well as myosin and actin immunoblotting.

Results

MF methods 2 & 3 yielded greater myofibrillar protein concentrations compared to the other methods (p<0.05). SDS-PAGE with Coomassie staining of myofibrillar fractions from each method indicated: a) MF methods 1 & 2 yielded thick bands at 43 kD and 220 kD; the molecular weights of actin and myosin, respectively, b) MF method 3 yielded a whole-lane smear which is likely due to alkaline-mediated hydrolysis, c) GCL yielded a thick band at 43 kD, but a faint to non-existent band at 220 kD, and d) the Trizol method yielded virtually no bands. Western blotting was not possible on MF method 3 samples, but MF method 2 yielded significantly more actin and myosin compared to the Trizol and GCL methods (p<0.05). MF methods 1-3 are the only methods that yielded a sarcoplasmic fraction and while Coomassie staining indicated that the lane profiles of these methods were similar, Western blotting indicated that MF method 3 yields a sarcoplasmic fraction with the least amount of myosin contamination.

Conclusions

Through thorough comparative analyses we have identified methods which isolate high fidelity sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein fractions suitable for total protein quantification, Western blotting, and proteomic analysis.

Brittany N. Bozzini¹, Bridget A. McFadden¹, Alan J. Walker¹, Michelle A. Arent¹, and Shawn M. Arent, FISSN^1,2

¹IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; ²Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

Correspondence: Shawn M. Arent (shawn.arent@rutgers.edu)

Background

The high training load throughout the competitive season in DI NCAA soccer has been shown to induce changes in biomarkers in female athletes including markers of stress, inflammation, and reproductive function. Additionally, hormonal contraceptive (HC) use has been observed to cause elevations in cortisol and c-reactive protein and thus, changes in these biomarkers may be exacerbated in athletes using HCs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare biomarkers changes in female soccer players with and without HC use throughout the competitive season.

Materials and Methods

Female collegiate soccer players were stratified into two groups (HC and Control [CON]) based on their reported HC use at the start of season (HC: N=10, M_age=19.1±0.9yrs, M_BF%=20.0±6.7, M_VO2MAX=47.9±3.4ml/kg/min; CON: N=16, M_age=18.9±1.1yrs, M_BF%=19.9±4.7kg, M_VO2MAX =49.6±4.5ml/kg/min). Blood draws were performed prior to preseason as well as weeks 2, 4, 8, & 12 of the season. Athletes arrived between 0700-0900h, 18-24 hours post-game in a fasted, euhydrated state. Total cortisol (TCORT), free cortisol (FCORT), c-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), estradiol (E₂), sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone (P₄), total testosterone (TTEST), and free testosterone (FTEST) were analyzed. For each biomarker, area under the curve was calculated across all blood draw timepoints and ANOVAs were conducted with significance set at p<0.05.

Results

Female players on HCs had significantly greater TCORT (p<0.01) and CRP (p<0.05) throughout the competitive season than CON. Trends for greater SHBG (p=0.06) and decreased FTEST (p=0.08) in the HC group were also observed. No differences were depicted between groups for all other biomarkers throughout the season including FCORT, E₂, FSH, IL-6, P₄, and TTEST (p>0.05). Secondary subgroup analysis revealed that those on oral contraceptives (N=6) had significantly greater TCORT (p<0.05) and trends for lower FSH (p=0.07) and increased leptin (p=0.08) than those with intrauterine devices (N=4).

Conclusion

These results support previous research that has associated HC use with increased levels of cortisol, CRP, and SHBG and reductions in testosterone. The increased levels of stress and inflammatory biomarkers in the female players using HCs beyond those experienced in the CON may be indicative of an exacerbated catabolic environment in these athletes. This heightened biomarker response due to the combination of high training load and HC use may also denote increased recovery needs in HC athletes. Further research examining the effects of different types of HCs in a larger population on the stress response and the implications on performance and recovery appears warranted.

Acknowledgments

Funding provided by Quest Diagnostics

Harry P. Cintineo¹, Alexa J. Chandler¹, David J. Sanders¹, Alan J. Walker¹, Bridget A. McFadden¹, Brittany N. Bozzini¹, Marissa L. Bello¹, Morgan S. Murray¹, Robert Monaco², Shawn M. Arent, FISSN^1,3

¹IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; ²Atlantic Health System, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA; ³Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers, University, NJ 08901, USA

Correspondence: Shawn M. Arent (shawn.arent@rutgers.edu)

Background

Body composition is a critical aspect of athlete health and performance, especially in sports with an aesthetic component. Assessment that is time-efficient, easy-to-use, portable, and affordable is ideal in this population. Brightness-mode ultrasound (B-US) offers these features, particularly when measuring a minimal number of sites. The purpose of this study was to compare 7-site, 4-site, and 3-site modified Jackson-Pollock equations using air displacement plethysmography (ADP) as reference.

Materials and Methods

Male (N=21; M_age=17.0±1.7 y; M_weight=62.4±10.4 kg) and female (N=28; M_age=15.6±1.3 y; M_weight=47.8±4.6 kg) dancers arrived at the laboratory having refrained from food and water for ≥2 hours. Body fat percentage (%BF) was assessed using ADP. Next, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) was measured using B-US at seven sites: pectoralis, subscapula, triceps, midaxilla, suprailiac, abdomen, and thigh. %BF was calculated using modified Jackson-Pollock 7- (7BUS), 4- (4BUS), and 3-site (3BUS) skinfold-thickness (SKF) equations. Pearson product correlations quantified associations between variables, and paired-samples T-tests assessed differences between measures. Significance was set at P<0.05.

Results

Significant correlations were found between ADP and 7BUS, 4BUS, and 3BUS across all subjects (r>0.86; P<0.01) and in females (r>0.85; P<0.01). In males, the strongest correlation with ADP was 7BUS (r=0.771; P<0.01), while 3BUS (r=0.730; P<0.01) and 4BUS (r=0.488; P=0.025) were weaker. All B-US %BF values correlated with one another in all subjects (r>0.96; P<0.01). In females, ADP was significantly lower than 7BUS and 3BUS (p<0.01) and approached significance for 4BUS (p=0.081). However, only 3BUS was significantly higher than ADP in males (P<0.01). In the entire sample and females only, 7BUS was significantly higher than 4BUS and significantly lower than 3BUS (P<0.01); 4BUS was significantly lower than 3BUS (P<0.01). Males followed this pattern, except the difference between 7BUS and 4BUS was non-significant (P=0.236).

Conclusions

These findings support the use of 7-, 4-, and 3-site BUS in adolescent female dancers. Although the highest correlation with ADP was seen with 7-site, 3-site BUS may be the most time-efficient method in these individuals. Despite non-significant differences between ADP, 7BUS, and 4BUS in males, weaker correlations suggest that this method of assessing %BF may be inappropriate. These results may be explained by less SAT in males compared to females. Thus, differentiation between tissues and overall interpretation of BUS may be more prone to experimenter error, particularly in leaner individuals. Despite strong correlations, significant differences between 7BUS, 4BUS, and 3BUS further support the idea that SKF equations may not be applicable to US, and US-specific equations should be developed.

Bridget A. McFadden¹, Brittany N. Bozzini¹, Alan J. Walker¹, David J. Sanders¹, Christopher E. Ordway¹, Michelle A. Arent¹, Shawn M. Arent, FISSN^1,2

¹ IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA ; ²Department of Kinesiology and Health Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

Correspondence: Shawn M. Arent (shawn.arent@rutgers.edu)

Background

Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport is characterized by inadequate energy intake (EI) to support various body functions essential for optimal health and performance. Energy availability (EA) considers EI in relation to exercise energy expenditure (EEE). Methods that readily detect energy status are currently lacking, yet biomarkers show promise in detecting physiological changes due to training and nutrition. The purpose of this study was to assess EA in conjunction with body composition and biomarker changes in female soccer players during preseason.

Materials and Methods

Women’s DI college soccer players (N=26; M_weight=65.78±6.5kg) were monitored throughout the two-week preseason. Body composition was assessed via Bodpod prior to the start of preseason (T1) and immediately after preseason (T2) to determine fat free mass (FFM) and percent body fat (%BF). Blood draws were performed at T1 and T2. Athletes arrived between 0700-0900h in a fasted and euhydrated state. Total cortisol (CORT), growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), prolactin (PRL), adiponectin (ADIP), leptin (LEP), triiodothyronine (T₃), thyroxine (T₄), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were analyzed. Players were monitored during all practices using the Polar TeamPro system to determine EEE. Caloric intake was tracked via 3-day (Thursday-Saturday) dietary food logs. EA was calculated using the formula (EI_AVG-EEE_AVG/FFM). Players were first grouped into “low” EA (<30 kcal/FFM; n =17) and “normal” EA (>30 kcal/FFM, n=9). A secondary analysis was used to stratify players using >40 kcal/FFM (n=10), 25-40 kcal/FFM (n=12), and <25 kcal/FFM (n=4) cutoffs. RM MANOVAs with univariate follow-ups were conducted with significance set at P<0.05.

Results

A significant time effect was seen for an increase in FFM from T1 to T2 (P<0.05), however there were no differences between groups for %BF or FFM (P>0.05). Decreases were seen for TSH (P<0.05) with trends for increases in GH (P=0.099) and decreases in PRL (P=0.087) from T1 to T2. No differences between groups were seen for any biomarkers analyzed (P>0.05). Further, in the secondary analysis no group differences were seen for any biomarkers (P>0.05).

Conclusion

The time effects seen for select biomarkers indicates measurable changes during times of high EEE over a short, condensed pre-season. However, no differences in biomarkers were seen between EA groups. Further, increases in FFM during preseason were observed across groups despite only 4 players falling into the “optimal” EA category. This indicates a need for studies evaluating macronutrient content and energy status as well as the effect of EA on biomarkers and body composition over a longer period.

Acknowledgements

Funding supported by Quest Diagnostics

Marissa L. Bello¹, David J. Sanders¹, Alan J. Walker¹, Bridget A. McFadden¹, Harry P. Cintineo¹, Brittany N. Bozzini¹, Morgan S. Murray¹, William G. Maldonado¹, Michelle A. Arent¹, Shawn M. Arent FISSN^1,2

¹IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; ²Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

Correspondence: Shawn M. Arent (shawn.arent@rutgers.edu)

Background

Balancing training and recovery is crucial for athletic performance in individuals of all ages. Proper nutrition plays a large role in facilitating recovery and optimizing performance; however, little research exists in adolescent dancers. The purpose of this study was to observe changes in nutritional biomarkers and performance in high-level youth dancers throughout the performance season.

Materials and Methods

High-level youth dancers (Males: N=10, M_age=16.36±1.6yrs, M_weight=62.12±10.07kg; Females: N=14, M_age=15.43±1.3yrs, M_weight=47.86±4.71kg) participated in blood draws prior to the performance season (T1) and every subsequent four weeks (T2-T5). Iron (Fe), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), percent saturation of iron (%Sat), omega-3 fatty acids (OMG3), omega-6:omega-3 ratio (OMG63), vitamin B₁₂ (VitB₁₂), folate, and vitamin D (VitD) were analyzed. Performance testing was conducted pre- and post-season to assess body composition via BodPod, vertical jump (VJ), and aerobic fitness (VO_2max). RM-ANOVAs with univariate follow-ups were conducted to analyze changes in biomarkers and performance as a function of sex as well as changes within each sex. Significance was set at P<0.05.

Results

There was a significant sex-by-time interaction for %Sat (P=0.027) and a trend for Fe (P=0.056). No significant differences between sexes were observed for any other biomarkers (P>0.05). Over the course of the study, there were significant increases in males with %Sat (P<0.05), and decreases in VitB₁₂ at T3 and T5 with an increase at T4 (P<0.05). Females experienced significant decreases in Fe and %Sat (P<0.05), and changes in folate similar to the pattern of VitB₁₂ in the males (P<0.05). VJ significantly increased over the season in males (P<0.05) with no significant change in females. No significant changes in body composition or VO_2max were seen over time for either sex (P>0.05).

Conclusions

The changes in biomarkers may indicate alterations in nutritional status in youth dancers over the course of the performing season. The sex-by-time interactions for Fe and %Sat suggest females may be at greater risk for Fe deficiency compared to males. Despite non-significant changes in VitD, it is important to note that all values remained below clinical ranges and were categorized as insufficient. Thus, supplementation with VitD in this population as well as Fe for females may be beneficial, especially during times of high-volume training. Overall, despite fluctuations in nutritional biomarkers, body composition and performance were not adversely affected between pre- and post-testing. Further research in a larger sample of youth dancers is warranted to support these findings for nutritional supplementation and its implications on performance.

Acknowledgments

Funding provided by Quest Diagnostics.

Traci A McCarthy¹, Bridget A. McFadden¹, Brittany N. Bozzini¹, Alan J. Walker¹, Michelle A. Arent¹, Shawn M. Arent, FISSN^1,2

¹IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; ²Department of Kinesiology and Health Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

Correspondence: Shawn M. Arent (shawn.arent@rutgers.edu)

Background

Collegiate athletes are faced with a stressful season marked with high training loads, reduced recovery, and altered dietary practices. Adequate nutrition is essential to promote recovery and maintain performance throughout the season. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a mid-season intervention of a protein or carbohydrate supplement on anabolic and catabolic biomarkers throughout a DI NCAA female soccer season.

Materials and Methods

Collegiate female soccer players (N=30; M_Age=19.3±1.1yrs) participated in blood draws prior to the start of preseason (T1) and every 28-days throughout the season (T2-T4). Athletes arrived fasted and euhydrated between 0700-0900h for blood draws, 18-24 hours post-game. Growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), free cortisol (FCORT), total cortisol (TCORT), progesterone (PRG), interleukin-6 (IL-6), prolactin (PRL), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were assessed. Supplement intervention occurred at the midpoint of the season (T3-T4). Subjects were randomly assigned to either 40g/day of whey protein (PRO; N=6) or carbohydrate (CHO; N=8) supplementation to be taken daily in addition to their normal diets. Subjects who adhered to supplementation for <20% of the study were used as controls (CON; N=9). RM-MANOVAs with univariate follow-ups were conducted with significance set at P<0.05.

Results

There was a significant time main effect for an increase in GH and FCORT and decreases in TNF-α and IGF-1 fromT1-T3 (P<0.05) along with a trend for increased PRG (p=.091). There were no significant group differences found for any biomarkers prior to the supplementation intervention. Significant time effects were seen for decreases in TCORT (P<0.05) during the intervention (T3-T4). No significant differences in biomarkers were observed between groups post-intervention (P>0.05), however a trend for a time-by-group interaction was seen for IL-6 (P=0.077). Graphic trends indicated modest benefits of PRO for GH, cortisol, TNF-α and IL-6.

Conclusion

The fluctuations in biomarkers observed throughout the season may be reflective of the accumulated stress of the season. Dietary supplementation may help offset these changes along with adequate recovery. Despite the lack of differences between groups, the pattern observed for PRO may suggest that the macronutrient, not just supplemental calories, may be an important consideration to combat the stress of the season. Further research examining supplementation in a larger population over a longer time period may provide insight into the preferred macronutrient for enhanced recovery. Additionally, classifying the nutritional status of the athlete may help further clarify impact.

Acknowledgements: funding supported by Quest Diagnostics with special thanks to Milk Specialty Global, Dymatize Nutrition, and Banned Substance Control Group (BSCG)

Alexa J. Chandler¹, David J. Sanders¹, Harry P. Cintineo¹, Morgan S. Murray¹, Brittany N. Bozzini¹, Marissa L. Bello¹, Alan J. Walker¹, Bridget A. McFadden¹, Robert Monaco², Shawn M. Arent, FISSN^1,3

¹ IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA; ² Atlantic Health System, Morristown, NJ, 07960, USA; ³ Department of Kinesiology and Health Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA

Correspondence: Shawn M. Arent (shawn.arent@rutgers.edu)

Background

Amplitude- (AUS) and brightness-mode (BUS) ultrasound are inexpensive, portable body-fat percentage (%BF) assessment devices. However, research with these tools is limited in contrast to other laboratory-based techniques (e.g. air displacement plethysmography (ADP), bioelectrical impedance (BIA)). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of %BF assessment via AUS, BUS, and BIA compared to ADP.

Materials and Methods

Twenty adolescent dancers (M_age=16.8±1.7; M_BMI=19.5±1.9) performed %BF testing via ADP, BIA, AUS, and BUS. Subjects were measured at 7-sites using AUS and BUS. %BF, fat-free mass (FFM) and fat-mass (FM) were determined using modified Jackson-Pollock equations. Pearson product moment correlations were used to determine relationships between measures. Dependent t-tests were performed to analyze differences between methods in the total sample and each sex (males: n=7; females: n=13). Significance was set at P<0.05.

Results

Across all subjects, %BF and FFM were strongly correlated with ADP for all devices (BUS_%BF r=0.908; AUS_%BF r= 0.887; BIA_%BF r=0.879; BUS_FFM r=0.994; AUS_FFM r=0.989; BIA_FFM r=0.980; P<0.05). In females, %BF and FFM from all devices was strongly correlated with ADP (BUS_%BF r=0.947; AUS_%BF r=0.926; BIA_%BF r=0.905; BUS_FFM r=0.957; AUS_FFM r=0.907; BIA_FFM r=0.977; P<0.05). In males, ADP_%BF showed a moderately strong correlation to AUS_%BF (r=0.757; P<0.05), and a trend for BUS_%BF (r=0.722, P=0.068). However, ADP_FFM was strongly correlated with all devices for males (BUS_FFM r=0.990; AUS_FFM r=0.980; BIA_FFM r=0.910). Dependent t-tests revealed trends towards significantly higher BIA_%BF compared to ADP_%BF (P=0.073), but no differences between ADP_%BF and AUS_%BF (P=0.949) or BUS_%BF (P=0.199). In females, ADP_FFM was significantly higher than BUS_FFM (P=0.024), and higher ADP_%BF than BUS_%BF trended towards significance (P=0.071). There were no other differences in %BF or FFM for either sex.

Conclusions

Ultrasound and BIA appear to be valid %BF tools in adolescent female, but not male, dancers. Stronger correlations between FFM, compared to %BF, via BIA and US in both sexes may indicate that FFM is a more reliable measure than %BF using these devices in youth athletes. This may be due to a combination of small differences in FM and FFM between devices, causing significant %BF differences, especially in very lean athletes. However, ultrasound may have increased benefits over ADP and BIA because of the ability to provide regional FFM analysis, yielding more precise measures during maturation. Sex-specific differences between devices needs further investigation, as there were significant differences between ADP_FFM and BUS, despite strong correlations, in females, and weaker correlations for all variables in males compared to females.

David J. Sanders¹, Alexa J. Chandler¹_, Marissa L. Bello¹, Alan J. Walker¹, Bridget A. McFadden¹, Harry P. Cintineo¹, Brittany N. Bozzini¹, Morgan S. Murray¹, Michelle A. Arent¹, Shawn M. Arent FISSN^1,2

¹IFNH Center for Health and Human Performance, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; ²Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

Correspondence: David J. Sanders (d.sanders@rutgers.edu)

Background

Biomarker monitoring enables the evaluation of an individual athlete’s physiological response to training. Currently, research in elite, adolescent artistic-athletes (e.g. dancers) is limited, particularly in regard to changes in biomarkers throughout a performance season. The purpose of this study was to assess changes in stress-related biomarkers across a performance season and to identify differences between high-level male and female ballet dancers.

Materials and Methods

Male (n=9; M_age=17.2±1.2yrs; M_height=183.5±6.4cm; M_weight=64.5±8.7kg) and female (n=10; M_age=15.8±14yrs; M_height=166.1±3.9cm; M_weight=49.7±3.3kg) high-level ballet dancers participated in blood draws prior to the beginning of the performance season (T1), and every 4-weeks thereafter (T2-T5). Total cortisol (CortT), free cortisol (CortF), total testosterone (TestT), free testosterone (TestF), estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), progesterone (Prg), prolactin (Prl), sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG), creatine kinase (CK), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were assessed. RM-ANOVAs with univariate follow-ups were conducted to analyze changes in biomarkers as a function of sex as well as changes within each sex. Significance was set at P<0.05.

Results

A significant sex-by-time interaction was found for FSH only (P=0.036). Group main effects were found in E2, TestT, TestF, FSH, SHBG, and CK (P<0.05). Time main effects were found in CortF, CK, and IL6 (P<0.05). IL6 was significantly greater than baseline at all time points, with the largest difference at T4. In males there were significant decreases in CortF, Prg and CK from T1 to T5 (P<0.05). In females, a trend for a decrease in FSH was found from T1 to T5 (P=0.06), with a significant difference from T2 to T5 (P<0.05). Significant increases were observed in males and females for IL-6 from T1 through T5 (P<0.05). SHBG was significantly greater in males at T5 than T1 (P<0.05).

Conclusions

Changes in biomarkers may indicate physiological stress and/or inadequate nutrition over the course of a season. Different responses are observed between sexes, with greater disruption seen in females. The sex-by-time interaction in FSH suggests disturbance in the HPG-axis in female dancers only, as the decreases in FSH coincides with a non-significant decrease in E2. Potentially, this may lead to the observation of primary or secondary amenorrhea in young female athletes. In males, significant increases in SHBG occurred, but TestT and TestF increased non-significantly. Thus, HPG-axis function appears normal in young male dancers. Interestingly, IL-6 is highest in both sexes immediately prior to scheduled performances at T4, which may have occurred due to an increase in time spent rehearsing for the performances.

Acknowledgments: Funding provided by Quest Diagnostics.

Emiliya S. Suezaki, Paul S. Hwang, Steven B. Machek, Thomas D. Cardaci, Caelin Kim, Dylan T. Wilburn, & Darryn S. Willoughby, FISSN

¹Exercise & Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance, & Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA

Correspondence: Darryn S. Willoughby (darryn_willoughby@baylor.edu)

Background

Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a novel supplement associated with physiological processes pertaining to improvement of mitochondria-mediated energy metabolism. As an exercise mimetic, PQQ combined with aerobic exercise synergistically modulates mitochondrial biogenesis, stimulating greater energy production and fat metabolism. Therefore, PQQ may potentiate higher intensities, longer durations, and greater bioenergetics, ultimately resulting in a more favourable body composition. However, there is a dearth of data regarding PQQ supplementation in conjunction with aerobic exercise and its impacts on body composition. Thus, this investigation aimed to examine body composition following PQQ supplementation in young untrained males performing a 6-week aerobic exercise training program (ET).

Materials and Methods

In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, untrained [<3 hr/wk exercise for > 1 year prior to starting the study] males aged between 18-35 (n=23) were randomly assigned to ingest 20mg/day of encapsulated PQQ (n = 12) or cellulose placebo (PLC; n=11) while participating in a supervised 6-week ET program (5 d/wk). Participants completed 2 research visits (baseline and 6 weeks post-ET) and body composition was assessed. Participants ingested their respective supplement prior to a VO₂peak test on a stationary bike. Body composition was assessed via DEXA. Body composition measures included lean mass, fat mass, and body fat percentages. Factorial 2x2 Supplement [PQQ/PLC] by Time [Pre/Post] ANOVA with repeated measures was conducted for all criterion variables at a significance of p<0.05.

Results

There were no significant interactions between group and time for all variables (p > 0.05). However, there was a main time effect for lean mass (p = 0.004). Pairwise comparisons revealed a greater increase in lean mass irrespective of group. There were no main time effects for fat mass (p = 0.113) or body fat percent (p = 0.073); however, there was a non-significant decrease of 1.033 kg and 0.182 kg in PQQ and PLC, respectively.

Conclusions

From the results, it appears that PQQ supplementation combined with six weeks of aerobic exercise does not elicit favourable improvements in body composition over PLC. Although significance was not met, the larger fat mass reductions in the PQQ group suggest potential greater improvements with a longer duration training protocol. Additionally, any improvements in body composition are perhaps due to low baseline muscle mass and novitiate training status.

Katie R. Hirsch^1,2, Gabrielle J. Brewer¹, Malia M.N. Blue^1,2, Austin M. Peterjohn¹, Abbie E. Smith-Ryan^1,2

¹Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; ²Human Movement Science Curriculum, Department of Allied Health Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

Correspondence: Abbie E. Smith-Ryan (abbsmith@email.unc.edu)

Background

Recently developed 3D body scanners use infrared imaging technology to create a full body model from which total and regional body composition is calculated using algorithmic prediction models. However, direct validation against multi-compartment laboratory criterions are lacking. The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) to compare body composition measurements obtained from a 3D body scanner to measurements obtained from dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in normal weight adults and, 2) to validate body composition measurements obtained from a 3D body scanner against a gold-standard four compartment (4C) body composition model.

Materials and Methods

Body composition (percent body fat [%BF], fat mass [FM], lean mass [LM]) of 67 young adults (Males=22; Females=45; Mean ± SD: Age: 20.6 ± 1.1 years; Height: 168.9 ± 9.9 cm; Weight: 64.8 ± 9.1 kg; BMI: 22.6 ± 2.0 kg·m^-2) was measured by: 1) 360° total body 3D scan (Styku); 2) total body DXA scan (GE iDXA) and; 3) 4C model (Wang et al.) utilizing measurements of total body water from bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy, body volume from air displacement plethysmography, and bone mineral from DXA. Total error (TE) and standard error of the estimate (SEE) were used to evaluate prediction error of 3D compared to both DXA and 4C for the entire group.

Results

Compared to DXA, 3D %BF (Mean Difference ± SD: 0.1 ± 4.4%), FM (0.1 ± 2.9 kg), and LM (0.5 ± 3.0 kg) was not significantly different (p>0.05); prediction error was considered fair to fairly good for %BF (TE=4.4%; SEE=4.3%), FM (TE=4.4 kg; SEE=3.5 kg), and LM (TE=3.0 kg; SEE=3.0 kg). Compared to a 4C model, the 3D scan significantly over-predicted %BF (4.3 ± 5.3%) and FM (2.6 ± 3.5 kg) and under-predicted LM (5.8 ± 3.8 kg)(p<0.001); prediction error was considered poor for %BF (TE=6.7%; SEE=5.2%), FM (TE=4.4 kg; SEE=3.5 kg), and LM (TE=7.0 kg; SEE=3.7 kg).

Conclusions

Body composition estimates obtained from a 3D body scanner could be considered comparable to DXA estimations, with %BF estimates within ± 4% fat. However, when compared to a gold-standard 4C body composition model, the 3D body scan significantly over-predicted %BF (+6.7%) and FM (+4.4 kg), and under-predicted LM (-7.0 kg) in normal weight individuals. Further validation is needed to refine the predictive capacity and improve 3D scanner body composition estimations in normal weight individuals.

Kaila Vento, Kelli Reese, Floris Wardenaar

Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

Correspondence: Kaila Vento (kvento@asu.edu)

Background

Nutritional supplements are common in sports and have the potential benefits of enhancing performance. Student-athlete’s knowledge about supplements could influence their attitudes and use. Poor supplement knowledge could lead to consuming unsafe products and doping, negatively impacting sport eligibility and health. With more attention geared on nutritional supplements as an easy means to produce heightened performances, accessibility of these supplements increases as well as the risk of intaking ill manufactured products. Thus, the purpose of this research was to better understand athletes’ views of nutritional supplements use vs. self-reported knowledge and attitudes in NCAA Division I student-athletes.

Materials and Methods

Student-athletes from a south-western Division I university (65% female; age: 19.8±1.6 years-old) completed a questionnaire on nutritional supplement knowledge, attitudes, and use over the last 12 months. The supplement knowledge section of the questionnaire consisted of 12 questions taken from the validated GSNK questionnaire.

Results

Supplement knowledge scores averaged 27±16 percent. Perceived supplement knowledge on a five-point scale averaged 2.5±0.8 (range; 1-5). When classified as a low or high supplement attitudes vs. low-moderate-high knowledge scores, no difference was detected among categories [χ²(2)=0.538, p=0.80]. The three most reported dietary (N=138) and ergogenic supplements (N=125) within the last 12 months were multivitamin and mineral supplements (65%), single vitamins or minerals (64-63%), caffeine (63%), tart cherry (39%) and probiotics (32%). Banned supplements from the NCAA or unrecommended supplements (i.e., ephedra, tribulus terrestris, DHEA, and colostrum) were in the lower range of reported supplements (13-14%). No significant correlations between supplement knowledge and use were found. No significant relationships between attitude and knowledge towards NCAA impermissible supplements were found, except for B-alanine [χ²(2)=13.38, p=0.002] and creatine [χ²(2)=7.731, p=0.021] indicating that student-athletes reported lower use when perceived and self-reported knowledge was low.

Conclusions

Self-reported supplement knowledge tests scores were low as well as the perception of their own knowledge, but comparable to previous reporting in athletes. In general, supplement knowledge and perceived knowledge did not relate with use, expect certain NCAA impermissible supplements. While the use of banned or unrecommend nutritional supplements was infrequent, some student-athletes use these supplements for performance benefits despite regulations and lack of scientific-evidence.

Acknowledgements

The study was funded in part by the Graduate and Professional Student Association Athletic Research Grant at Arizona State University.

Guillermo Escalante¹, Erika Arteaga¹, Julio Mora¹, Jessica Heredia¹, Alexandra Khartabil¹, Jason Hernandez¹, Amanda Maravi¹, Yadira Marin¹

Department of Kinesiology, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, USA

Correspondence: Guillermo Escalante (gescalan@csusb.edu)

Background

Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) and A-mode ultrasound (US) are commonly used to estimate body composition. BIS predicts body composition using the difference in electrical conductivity according to the physical quality of tissues; hence, alterations in tissue water and electrolyte content may alter electrical conductivity and create an error in the body composition estimation. Conversely, US sends ultrasound waves in tissue and strong reflections occur at the boundary of different tissue types such as fat-muscle. The reflected signal is recorded and used to estimate the subcutaneous fat thickness at various sites and hydration levels have minimal impact on the body composition estimation. Since physique competitors have been reported to implement dehydration practices prior to a competition, BIS body composition estimations may not be accurate in this population one day prior to competing. This study assessed the hydration status of physique competitors one day prior to competing and compared the BIS and US body composition estimations.

Materials and Methods

Ten amateur male physique competitors (age = 30.0 +/- 5.8 yrs, height = 1.72 +/- .08 m, weight = 76.4 +/- 7.6 kg) volunteered for this study. Height and weight were measured with an electronic scale and a standard stadiometer. Body fat was estimated with a BIS device (SFB7, ImpediMed, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and a US device (BodyMetrix, IntelaMetrix, Brentwood, CA, USA) per the manufacturer recommended guidelines. The Jackson-Pollock 3-site formula was used to estimate body composition based on the body density prediction equation from the subcutaneous fat measurements of the chest, abdomen, and thigh as determined by the US device. Participants also provided a urine specimen to determine the specific gravity of urine using a refractometer. A paired t-test was used to compare the body fat percentage results for each participant as estimated by the BIS and US.

Results

Body fat percentage measures for the BIS and US were 14.2 ± 5.1 and 7.2 ± 2.4, respectively. The t-test revealed there was a statistically significant difference in body composition between the devices (p = 0.003). The mean SG for the participants was 1.019 ± 0.011, indicating mild dehydration.

Conclusions

BIS may not be an ideal tool to use to measure body composition when individuals are not in a state of euhydration as is the case in physique competitors one day prior to competition. Measuring SG prior to using BIS to ensure euhydration may be a good practice to implement to maximize accuracy.

Guillermo Escalante, Erika Arteaga, Jessica Heredia, Alexandra Khartabil, David Howard

Department of Kinesiology, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, USA

Correspondence: Guillermo Escalante (gescalan@csusb.edu)

Background

Physique competitors must achieve low levels of body fat while maintaining as much lean body mass as possible to be successful in their sport. Research is lacking as to the principles and methods of resistance and cardiovascular training used by physique competitors as they prepare for a competition. This study investigated the resistance and cardiovascular training practices of in-season male physique competitors via a retrospective survey given one day prior to their competition. Furthermore, body composition, height, and weight were assessed.

Materials and Methods

Ten amateur male physique competitors (age = 30.0 +/- 5.8 yrs, height = 1.72 +/- .08 m, weight = 76.4 +/- 7.6 kg) volunteered for this study. A comprehensive survey that asked specific questions about training over the last 30 days was filled out in person via an online survey sent to their phones on Qualtrics.com before height, weight, and body composition were assessed. Height and weight were measured with an electronic scale and a standard stadiometer. Body fat was estimated with an A-mode ultrasound device (US) (BodyMetrix, IntelaMetrix, Brentwood, CA, USA) per the manufacturer recommended guidelines. The Jackson-Pollock 3-site formula was used to estimate body composition based on the body density prediction equation from the subcutaneous fat measurements of the chest, abdomen, and thigh as determined by the US device.

Results

Body fat percentage measures for the US were 7.2 ± 2.4. Table 1 summarizes the resistance and cardiovascular training practices of physique competitors.

Conclusions

Physique competitors follow various resistance training and cardiovascular training methods in order to achieve low levels of body fat while attempting to maintain their fat free mass. The results of our study suggest that more research is required to investigate the best methods necessary to improve body composition. Our study further suggests that current evidence based principles to improve body composition are not being implemented.

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Diego A. Bonilla^1,2, Salvador Vargas^3,4, Jorge L. Petro^2,5, Ramón Romance⁴, Manuel García³, Brad J. Schoenfeld⁶, Richard B. Kreider⁷ FISSN, Javier Benítez-Porres⁴

¹ Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain; ² Research Division, DBSS, Bogotá 110861, Colombia; ³ EADE-University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Málaga 29017, Spain ; ⁴ Human Kinetics and Body Composition Laboratory, University of Málaga, Málaga 29010, Spain; ⁵ Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia; ⁶ Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, NY 10468, USA; ⁷ Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA

Correspondence: Diego A. Bonilla (dabonilla@g-se.com)

Background

Creatine monohydrate (CrM) supplementation has been reported to improve body composition and muscle strength when combined with resistance training. Cluster-based resistance training (CT), which involves the insertion of intraset pauses (IP), has been proposed as a method to enhance training adaptations. The purpose of this study was to determine if CrM supplementation in combination with consumption of a high-protein diet would augment the impact of CT thereby promoting greater improvements in lower-limb (LL) fat-free mass (FFM) and muscular strength.

Materials and Methods

Twenty four resistance-trained volunteeers (25.9±8.1 yr, 176.4±7.0 cm, 75.6±8.9 kg body mass) participated in this study. Subjects were allocated to one of three groups: CT and CrM (0.1 g/kg/d) + beef protein (0.5 g/kg/d) post-training supplementation (n=8, CT-CrM); CT only (n=8); or a control that followed their habitual diet and training program (n=7). Training included 8-weeks of LL-CT (twice per week with 72 hours recovery) consisting of 3 sets of squat, deadlift and leg press with 4 clusters of 3RM; 20 s of IP and 180 s interset. Subjects in CT-CrM and CT groups were instructed to consumed 2.5 g/kg/d of protein. LL-FFM (DXA) and muscle strength (back squat 1RM and CMJ) were measured at baseline and post-study. Mean changes from baseline were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Dependent t-tests were used for pairwise comparisons.

Results

Statistical analysis (x̅ ± SD [CIs 95%], p value, Cohen’s d effect size) showed significant changes in LL-FFM in the CT-CrM (1.4±0.7 kg [0.8–2.1], p<0.01, 0.6) and CT group (0.9±0.5 kg [0.5–1.3], p=0.001, 0.2) from baseline, whereas non-significant changes were observed in control (0.5±1.1 kg [-0.6–1.5], p=0.001, 0.2). Back squat 1RM improved in CT-CrM (24.0±9.5 kg [15.2–32.8], p= 0.014, 1.5) and CT (14.5±12.3 kg [4.2–24.8], p=0.012, 0.8) but not in control (7.3±9.8 kg [-2.9–17.6], p=0.124, 0.5). CMJ improved in CT-CrM (1.8±1.5 kg [0.4–3.2], p=0.002, 1.0) and CT (0.9±0.5 kg [0.5–1.3], p=0.031, 0.5) but not in control (0.1±3.1 kg [-2.9–3.0], p=0.948, 0.0). Post hoc analysis revealed that LL-FFM tended to be greater between CT-CrM and control (p=0.074), while squat was significantly different (p=0.037).

Conclusions

This pilot study showed that CT-CrM and CT produced similar increases in LL-FFM and CMJ. However, there was some evidence that CT-CrM promoted greater adaptations in LL-FFM and squat 1RM strength compared to control. Future research should examine whether CrM supplementation augments CT.

Acknowledgements – Diego A. Bonilla serves as a Science Product Manager for MTX Corporation® (Europe). Brad J. Schoenfeld serves on the scientific advisory board for Dymatize Nutrition Corporation. This study was supported by University of Málaga (Campus of International Excellence Andalucía Tech) and MTX Corporation (Spain, Europe).

Salvador Vargas^1,2, Ramón Romance¹, Brad J. Schoenfeld³, Manuel García², Jorge L. Petro⁴, Diego A. Bonilla⁵, Richard B. Kreider, FISSN⁶, Fernando Martín⁷, Javier Benítez-Porres¹

¹ Human Kinetics and Body Composition Laboratory, University of Málaga, Málaga 29010, Spain; ² EADE-University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Málaga 29017, Spain; ³ Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, NY 10468, USA; ⁴ Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia; ⁵ Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain; ⁶ Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA; ⁷ Research Unit in Sports and Health, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain

Correspondence: Salvador Vargas (salvadorvargasmolina@gmail.com)

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of three cluster training (CT) protocols comprised of different intra-sets pause (PIntra) and blocks of repetitions (BK) on strength, power and body composition in individuals maintaining a high protein diet (~2.5 g·kg^-1·d^-1).

Materials and Methods

Twenty-nine resistance-trained men (26.9 ± 8 years; 176.2±8.4 cm; 75.5±9.7 kg; 24.2±2.0 kg∙m^-2) were randomized to either a PIntra 20 s and BK 3 RM (n = 8, CL1), PIntra 40 s and BK 3 RM (n = 7, CL2), PIntra 20 s and BK 6 RM (n = 7, CL3) or a control group (n = 7, CG). All participants performed two sessions per week of resistance training (RT) for the lower limbs with 72 hours of recovery between sessions. Training sessions were supervised for all groups except the control. Participants were provided a 2-week familiarization period, and then performed the prescribed study protocol for 8-weeks. Control group followed their habitual nutrition and training program. Fat-free mass (FFM) in the lower limbs (LL), muscle power and strength were assessed by DXA, CMJ and back squat 1RM (SQ) using a linear encoder, respectively. Data were analyzed by a GLM with repeated measures. Post-hoc comparisons were performed with Bonferroni correction and effect size analyzed by partial eta squared.

Results

GLM analysis revealed significant time effects. Mean change analysis revealed no statistical differences in LL-FFM; however, the greatest change (x̅±SD, ICs 95%; p value) was observed in CL1 (0.9±0.5 kg, 0.5-1.3; p=0.001). Changes in CL2 (0.6±0.5 kg, 0.2-1.1; p=0.01) and CL3 (0.6±0.4 kg, 0.2-1.0; p=0.01) were also significantly greater than baseline. The change in LL-FFM for the CG group was not significant (0.4±1.1 kg, 0.6-1.5; p=0.32). In regard to strength, the CL1 group obtained the greatest change from baseline (14.5±12.3 kg, 4.2-24.8; p=0.01) in the SQ, with a large effect size (0.8). The changes in the SQ for CL2 and CL3 were significant (10.1±4.3 kg, 6.1-14.0; p=0.001 and 9.5±4.9 kg, 5.0-14.0; 0.002, respectively), with a medium effect size (0.6 and 0.5, respectively); however, in CON there was no significant change (9.0±9.0 kg, -0.4-18.5; p=0.06). In regard to muscular power, no statistical differences from baseline were found for the CMJ in any of the groups, nor did we observe any between-group interactions.

Conclusions

Resistance-trained men maintaining a high protein diet can achieve significant muscular adaptations when using a PIntra of ~20 s in CT protocols with 3 RM blocks in multiple joint exercises of the LL. No additional benefits are seen using longer rest intervals. From a practical standpoint, this finding indicates that a PIntra of ~20 s allows for greater efficiency.

Acknowledgements: This study was supported by University of Málaga (Campus of International Excellence Andalucía Tech).

R. Sowinski, T. Grubic, R. Dalton, J. Schlaffer, AG. Reyes, V. Jenkins, S. Williamson, C. Rasmussen, P. Murano, M. Greenwood, FISSN, C.P. Earnest, FISSN, and R.B. Kreider, FISSN

Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

Correspondence: R.B. Kreider (rbkreider@tamu.edu)

Background

Studies from Africa have reported that Dichrostachys glomerata (DG) supplementation (200 – 400 mg/d) promotes significant reductions in weight and fat loss in obese individuals without exercise or diet intervention. This study investigated whether adding DG to weight loss supplements with and without caffeine promotes weight and fat loss in overweight individuals without exercise or dietary modification.

Materials and Methods

In a double-blind, parallel, stratified randomized, placebo-controlled trial; 68 men (n=31) and women (n=37), (37±5 yr; 88.9±16.6 kg; BMI 25.0-34.9 kg/m²; Fat 35.2±7.7%; Activity 6,857±1,512 steps/wk) supplemented their diet for 12 weeks with a placebo (PLA, 6 g dextrose), a weight loss formulation containing DG (300mg/d), Sensoril® (250mg/d; Ashwaganda/Withania somnifera), Bioperine (5mg/d), Capsimax® (50mg/d; 4% Capsaicinoids), Rhodiola rosea extract (60mg/d), L-Theanine (100mg/d), Clubmoss extract (CE) (5mg/d; 1% Huperzine), and Bacopa monneri extract (50mg/d) [WL] or DG (300mg/d), CE (10mg/d), XR Caffeine (150mg/d; 77% Caffeine), Caffeine-anhydrous (250mg/d; 98.5%), Sensoril® (125mg/d), Capsimax® (50mg/d) [WL+C]. DEXA body composition measurements were obtained at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12-weeks of supplementation. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate General Linear Model analysis with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results

Overall Wilks' Lambda for Time (p=0.07) and Sex (p<0.01) effects for body composition were observed. Analysis of changes from baseline with 95% CI indicated a significant decrease from baseline in fat mass (WL -0.56±0.95 [-1.02, -0.14], WL -0.63±1.47 [-1.23, -0.02] kg) at wk4 and wk8, respectively. Body fat also decreased (WL -0.63±1.26 [-1.16, -0.10], WL -0.78±1.31 [-1.45, 0.07]%) at wk8 and wk12, respectively.

Conclusions:

Supplementation of a DG containing weight loss formulation was shown, with GLM, to have no significant differences between groups regarding body composition measures, using the current dose (300mg/1x/d). The addition of caffeine did not alter the outcome. Supplement groups showed initial minor weight loss as well as decreased FM and BF%, with indications of having greater effect on males. Further research is required to determine effective dose and paired with a diet and/or exercise program for functional assessment of weight loss potential.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by Nutrabolt (Bryan, TX) through an unrestricted grant to Texas A&M University.

V. Jenkins, R. Sowinski, T. Grubic, R. Dalton, J. Schlaffer, AG. Reyes, S. Williamson, C. Rasmussen, P. Murano, M. Greenwood, CP. Earnest, and RB. Kreider

Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

Correspondence: RB. Kreider (rbkreider@tamu.edu)

Background

Studies from Africa have reported that Dichrostachys glomerata (DG) supplementation (200 – 400 mg/d) promotes significant reductions in weight and fat loss in obese individuals without exercise or diet intervention. This study investigated whether adding DG to weight loss supplements with and without caffeine affects resting energy expenditure (REE) in overweight individuals without exercise or dietary modification.

Materials and Methods

In a double-blind, parallel, stratified randomized, placebo-controlled trial; 68 men (n=31) and women (n=37), (37±5 yr; 88.9±16.6 kg; BMI 25.0-34.9 kg/m²; Fat 35.2±7.7%; Activity 6,857±1,512 steps/wk) supplemented their diet for 12 weeks with a placebo (PLA, 6 g dextrose), a weight loss formulation containing DG (300mg/d), Sensoril® (250mg/d; Ashwaganda/Withania somnifera), Bioperine (5mg/d), Capsimax® (50mg/d; 4% Capsaicinoids), Rhodiola rosea extract (60mg/d), L-Theanine (100mg/d), Clubmoss extract (CE) (5mg/d; 1% Huperzine), and Bacopa monneri extract (50mg/d) [WL] or DG (300mg/d), CE (10mg/d), XR Caffeine (150mg/d; 77% Caffeine), Caffeine-anhydrous (250mg/d; 98.5%), Sensoril® (125mg/d), Capsimax® (50mg/d) [WL+C]. REE measurements were obtained at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12-weeks of supplementation. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate General Linear Model analysis with repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI) after wk4, wk8, and wk12, respectively.

Results

Overall effects for Time (p<0.01), Group x Time (p=0.04), and Sex (p<0.01) effects for REE values were observed. REE significantly increased from baseline (PLA 162±277 [68, 266], PLA 135±310 [31, 248], WL+C 111±220 [10, 207] kcal/d) at wk4, wk8, and wk12, respectively. REE/kg also increased (PLA 1.84±2.65 [0.84, 2.88], PLA 1.38±2.75 [0.34, 2.49], WL+C 1.57±2.37 [0.5, 2.6] kcal/kg/d) at wk4, wk8, and wk12, respectively.

Conclusions

Supplementation of a DG containing weight loss formulation was shown, with GLM, to have no significant differences between groups regarding REE measures, using the current dose (300mg/1x/d). The addition of caffeine did not alter the outcome. Supplement groups showed increase in REE (kcal/d and kcal/kg/d) focused around wk8 and wk12, seemingly more so in females. However, the changes were not different from the changes seen in PLA. Further research is required to determine effective dose and paired with a diet and/or exercise program for functional assessment of metabolic aid potential.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by Nutrabolt (Bryan, TX) through an unrestricted grant to Texas A&M University.

Susan Hewlings, Douglas Kalman

Nutrasource. Guelph, ON, Canada

Correspondence: Douglas Kalman (dkalman@nutrasource.ca)

Background

Associated with the legalization of cannabis for medical and recreational purposes in various states across the United States, is a push for hemp and cannabis constituents, such as cannabidiol (CBD), to be part of the food, beverage and dietary supplement product supply. Although in review, currently it is not legal at the Federal level to include cannabis or any of its derivatives into food, beverages or dietary supplements. However, the enactment of the 2018 U.S. Farm Bill federally legalized hemp-derived CBD as long as it does not contain more than 0.3% tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). However, this does not mean that CBD can be added to the above-mentioned products. Further confusing the public is that while CBD is legal federally, not all states follow the federal law. CBD products are marketed for a variety of uses from relieving pain to better sleep, to enhanced cognition. Many products target the Sport and Exercise Nutrition market. The purpose of this brief review was to examine the advertising, regulatory and published science, that may substantiate claims made regarding the use of CBD in sports nutrition products.

Materials and Methods

Database searches using key terms.

Results

Using Google and the search term “CBD sports nutrition”, 15,400,000 responses populated, ranging from articles to products. Using the search term “cannabinoids sport nutrition” revealed 778,000 responses, also ranging from articles to products. Using the search term “cannabinoid sport nutrition” in Pubmed.gov revealed 2 articles on the topic, none of which applied an experimental study design. Interestingly, 1 analytical study did find that the dietary supplement methoxyisoflavone and its metabolites can induce false-positive results in urinary immunoassay screening tests for cannabinoids, which may be important for drug-tested athletes. A search of clinicaltrials.gov revealed 228 studies related to CBD or cannabinoids related to pharmacokinetics or disease potential related uses. Only 6 of the 228 studies were utilizing healthy subjects. As of May 25, 2019, there were 0 registered studies with CBD listed for use or evaluation in sports or exercise nutrition.

Conclusions

The evidence is overwhelming that products are being marketed without being regulatory compliant, and more centric to sports nutrition, that there are tens of CBD centric marketed sports nutrition products, however there appears to be zero actual scientific direct evidence to support the products and claims in the intended population at this time. It is clear that safety and efficacy studies of CBD applicable to sport nutrition are needed.

Jaymes Longstrom, Lauren Colenso-Semple, Eric T. Trexler, Brian Waddell, Sarah Ford, Kait Callahan, Tu Nguyen, Bill I. Campbell

Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

Correspondence: Bill I. Campbell (bcampbell@usf.edu)

Background

The purpose of this study was to investigate physiological changes that occur in natural physique sport athletes during the post-competition period.

Materials and Methods

Participants included three male (34.3±6.8 years, 181.6±8.9 cm) and four female (29.3±4.9 years, 161.4±6.0 cm) natural physique athletes. Body composition (fat mass [FM]and fat-free mass [FFM]; Skinfold) and resting metabolic rate (RMR; indirect calorimetry) were assessed 1-week prior to competition, followed by 4 weeks and 8-10 weeks post-competition. Blood hormones (free triiodothyronine (T3), free thyroxine (T4), and leptin) were assessed at 1-week prior to competition and 8-10 weeks post-competition. All assessments were performed following an 8-hour overnight fast. Participants tracked macronutrient intake daily for the duration of the study. Data were analyzed via one-tailed Wilcoxon-Pratt Signed-Rank tests and Kendall’s Rank Correlation tests at the α=0.05 significance level.

Results

At the group level, significant (p<0.05) increases were observed for bodyweight, FM, bodyfat%, RMR, and blood hormones (T3, T4, and leptin). Fat-free mass increased to a non-significant degree, but a trend was observed (p = 0.055). Observed changes varied substantially between subjects; raw values of key variables are presented for each participant in Table 1. Percent change (%△) in body weight was associated with △RMR (tau (τ) =0.62; p=0.03) and △leptin (τ =0.59; p=0.03). △FM% was associated with △RMR (τ =0.90; p=0.001) and △leptin (τ =0.68; p=0.02). △bodyfat % was associated with △leptin (τ =0.88; p=0.003). △leptin was associated with △RMR (τ =0.59; p=0.03).

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case series investigating physiological outcomes associated with weight gain in natural physique athletes during the post-competition period. The primary observations from this study included group-level increases in adiposity, blood hormones, and RMR; substantial between-participant variability; and strong associations between changes in adiposity, leptin, and RMR.

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Acknowledgements:

Hormone testing was supported by BioLayne, LLC and ProPhysique Inc.

Lauren M. Colenso-Semple, Samuel L. Buckner, Jaymes M. Longstrom, Megan Humphries, Wenyuan G. Zhu, Brian Waddell, Noam Yitzchaki, Traci Smith, Eric T. Trexler, Bill I. Campbell

Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

Correspondence: Bill I. Campbell (bcampbell@usf.edu)

Background

Cortisol is the major glucocorticosteroid hormone produced in the adrenal cortex, and is a key regulator of metabolism, immune function, and physiological response to stress. Non-functional overreaching is characterized by inadequate recovery from prolonged high-volumes of exercise, which ultimately impairs performance. The purpose of the study was to compare changes in resting cortisol levels in young healthy females in response to 8 weeks of high-volume or moderate-volume resistance training.

Materials and Methods

Thirty-six resistance-trained women (mean ± SD: Age: 23 ± 4 yrs; Height: 63.7 ± 2.5 in; Weight: 134 ± 20 lbs) were assigned to a high-volume (HV) (n=17) or moderate-volume (MV) (n=19) experimental group. Participants trained on 3 non-consecutive days per week for 8 weeks with a total of 81 weekly sets (HV) or 36 weekly sets (MV) of lower-body exercises. Each session consisted of 5 sets (HV) or 2 sets (MV) of barbell squats, stiff-leg deadlifts, and barbell hip thrusts, and 4 sets (HV) or 2 sets (MV) of knee extension, leg curl, and cable abduction. The target repetition ranges were specified as 6-8 (Day 1), 8-10 (Day 2), and 12-15 (Day 3). Loads were adjusted to ensure each set was terminated 2 repetitions from failure. All sessions were supervised by certified personal trainers. Resting salivary cortisol was assessed at baseline and 48-72 hours following the final training session. Samples were tested for salivary cortisol using a high sensitivity enzyme immunoassay (Cat. No. 1-3002). Data were analyzed using ANCOVA on change scores with group as the predictor variable and pre-test value as a covariate to adjust for baseline values. ANCOVA results are presented as least square mean ± standard error.

Results

Salivary cortisol decreased after 8 weeks of training (HV = -1.3 nmol/L ± 1.45, MV = -3.2 nmol/L ± 1.37) with no statistically significant differences between groups (p = 0.36). The overall change for the full sample (collapsed across groups) was -2.3 nmol/L (-14%), with a pre-test range of 5.6 - 34.7 nmol/L and a post-test range of 4.2 - 33.2 nmol/L.

Conclusions

The results indicate a similar decrease in resting cortisol following 8 weeks of high-volume and moderate-volume resistance training. While the analysis did not reveal significant differences at the group level, there were notable interindividual differences in change in cortisol level from pre to post-intervention, ranging from -23.8 to +15.2 nmol/L.

Acknowledgement

This study was funded by a grant from the College of Education at the University of South Florida.

Megan Humphries¹, Madelin Siedler, Priscila Lamadrid, Sarah Ford, Traci Smith, Gillian SanFilippo, Maria De La Torre, Brian Waddell, Benjamin Miller, Noam Yitzchaki, Lauren Colenso-Semple, Eric Trexler, Samuel Buckner, Bill I. Campbell

Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

Correspondence: Bill I. Campbell (bcampbell@usf.edu)

Background

Some research reports sex-differences in rate of performance recovery from resistance training, indicating that females recover faster than males, and can therefore train more frequently. However, this observation may be unique to the exercise/modality tested. The purpose of this study was to evaluate sex differences in the rate of recovery in the performance of upper- and lower-body single-joint dynamic exercises.

Materials and Methods

29 resistance-trained males (n=17) and females (n=12) completed a repeated measures, randomized, parallel groups design comparing sex differences in rate of recovery. The protocol consisted of a baseline performance assessment, a recovery period (4 hours, 24 hours, or 48 hours—order was randomly assigned) and a post-recovery performance assessment. The baseline and post-recovery assessments were identical and consisted of four sets of 10 repetition maximum (RM) bicep curls and four sets of 10RM knee extensions to failure with 90 seconds of rest between each set. “Recovery” was defined as the number of total repetitions completed in the post-recovery bout, expressed as a percentage of baseline repetitions. Data were analyzed using a series of general linear models at a significance level of α=0.05, and presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Results

Bicep Curl: Time × sex interaction (p=0.75), main effect for time (p=0.11), and main effect for sex (p=0.59) did not reach statistical significance. Specifically, performance recovery was 99.8 ± 7.7% at 4 hrs, 94.2 ± 8.0% at 24 hrs, and 100 ± 8.1% at 48 hrs. Leg Extension: Time × sex interaction (p=0.30) and main effect for sex (p=0.86) were not statistically significant. A trend was observed for the main effect of time (p=0.06), with the lowest values observed at the 4-hour time point (98.1 ± 13.4% at 4 hrs, 105.6 ± 13.5% at 24 hrs, 101.7 ± 10.4% at 48 hrs). Exploratory models including key demographic and body composition variables as covariates yielded similar results. Table 1 provides an overview of the data for each recovery period for males and females.

Conclusions

Performance recovery rates for both exercises were similar in males and females, indicating that sex does not dictate the rate of recovery from single-joint dynamic resistance exercises.

These findings may not be applicable to multi-joint exercises and/or those requiring greater technical skill. Future research should investigate the rate of performance recovery from a variety of exercises in a single sample.

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Kyle R Cesareo¹, Betsy J Raub¹, Jennifer E Sandrock¹, Chad M Kerksick², Hector L Lopez¹, Tim N Ziegenfuss¹

¹The Center for Applied Health Sciences, Canfield, OH 44406, USA; ²Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA

Correspondence: Tim N Ziegenfuss (TZ@appliedhealthsciences.org)

Background

Theacrine (1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid) is a naturally occurring purine alkaloid present in certain teas, coffees, and botanical sources that regulates brain glucose metabolism, inhibits phosphodiesterases, and exhibits anti-adenosinergic, dopaminergic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. Previous research has documented increased feelings of energy, reduced fatigue, and powerful influences on improving focus, concentration, and motivation. Limited research has examined the potential additive effects of theacrine + caffeine on sustained cognitive performance. The purpose of this study was to compare cognitive performance during caffeine vs. caffeine + TeaCrine® ingestion using validated, objective measurements of cognitive function and subjective, qualitative measures of various neuromotor/cognitive qualities.

Materials and Methods

Using a randomized, double-blind, within-subject (crossover) design, 8 men and 4 women (mean ± SD age, height, weight: 21.9 ± 2.6 yr, 174.2 ± 4.4 cm, 76.5 ± 7.0 kg) completed three counterbalanced trials: 300 mg Caffeine (CAF), placebo (PLA), and 300 mg Caffeine + 62.5 mg Teacrine® (COMBO). Before (baseline), 60 and 180 minutes after ingesting their respective supplement, all subjects completed 5 consecutive STROOP tests (5x45-sec interspersed with 60 sec rest) to assess executive function, cognitive flexibility, mental acuity, selective attention, and processing speed as well as Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) for perceived energy, mood, focus, concentration, and motivation at each hour (i.e. baseline, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min post-ingestion). Data were analyzed via ANOVA, t-tests (p<0.05) and effect sizes (ES).

Results

During COMBO, 11/12 (92%) of subjects scored >60 for total STROOP score vs. 2/12 (17%) during CAF (p<0.01). Significantly greater number of correct STROOP responses were noted during COMBO (+4.4 ± 3.5) in comparison to CAF (+0.83 ± 4.1, p=0.031) at 180 min. Additionally, the time per score during the STROOP test was significantly improved only during COMBO at 60 min (0.78 ± 0.11 sec) and 180 min (0.77 ± 0.11 sec, both p=0.005). At 240 min post-ingestion, VAS for energy (+6.2 ± 1.9, p=0.027) and concentration (+6.4 ± 1.5, p=0.044) improved in COMBO only, and motivation was greater in COMBO (+1.8 ± 1.3) vs. CAF (+0.17 ± 2.0, p=0.045).

Conclusions

Collectively, these findings indicate that adding 62.5 mg of TeaCrine® to 300 mg of caffeine leads to enhanced benefits in attention, executive/cognitive function and processing speed as well as subjective improvements in energy, motivation and concentration. These benefits appeared within 60 minutes and continued to improve in magnitude over the 3-4 hour data acquisition period.

Acknowledgements

This study was funded in part by a research grant from Compound Solutions, Inc (Carlsbad, CA). HLL and TNZ are co-inventors for the intellectual property covering the uses of theacrine (TeaCrine®). The researchers in this study independently collected, analyzed, and interpreted the results without input from Compound Solutions, Inc. All other authors declare no conflict of interest.

Hector L Lopez¹, Tim N Ziegenfuss¹, Kyle R Cesareo¹, Betsy J Raub¹, Jennifer E Sandrock¹, Chad M Kerksick²

¹The Center for Applied Health Sciences, Canfield, OH 44406, USA; ²Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA

Correspondence: Hector L Lopez (hlopezmd@gmail.com)

Background

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a master endogenous homeostatic system consisting of 1) lipid based signaling compounds (endocannabinoid ligands), 2) specialized cannabinoid receptors found throughout most tissues in the body and 3) biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes that regulate the endogenous ligands. Through both direct and indirect actions, endocannabinoids modulate and influence a variety of physiological systems, including pain, inflammation, thermoregulation, appetite, energy balance, muscle control/ coordination, sleep health, stress responses, motivation, mood, and memory. There is a wide variety of Cannabis sativa L. cultivars with a complex phytochemical profile containing terpenophenolic cannabinoids and 400+ constituents that are distinguished by their chemical and genetic profile. Hemp is generally characterized as a cultivar of C. sativa whose predominant cannabinoid is cannabidiol (CBD), with a relatively low level of delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) when assayed on a dry weight basis. Herein, we report on the psychometric indices of sleep, appetite, quality of life, and biomarkers of safety from supplementation with a CBD containing supercritical CO₂ extract of the aerial parts of hemp.

Materials and Methods

Using a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind design, 65 overweight, but otherwise healthy men (n = 32) and women (n = 33) (mean ± SD age, BMI: 35.2 ± 11.4 yr, 28.5 ± 3.3 kg/m²) ingested either Hemp Oil Extract [HEMP, 60 mg/d PlusCBD Oil^TM (15 mg hemp-derived CBD)] or a placebo (PLA) every day for six weeks before their evening meal. Subjects followed their normal diet and a routine of low intensity physical activity (30 min of walking exercise 5 days per week). Outcome variables included changes in stress resilience, a 14-item panel of various psychometric parameters, heart-rate variability (LF, HF, LF/HF ratio, rMSSD), plasma chromogranin A, body composition (lean mass, fat mass, bone mineral content, VAT fat via DEXA) as well as general markers of health (heart rate, blood pressure, and comprehensive clinical chemistry panels of serum and plasma) before and after six weeks of supplementation. Data were analyzed via ANOVA, t-tests (p<0.05) and effect sizes (ES).

Results

Preliminary analyses revealed significant decreases in appetite (-6.2%, p=0.04, ES=0.22) and improvements in sleep quality (+22.0%, p=0.009, ES=0.54), sleep quantity (+21.3%, p=0.02, ES=0.58) and pleasure from life (+12.5%, p=0.006, ES=0.46) in HEMP only. All values for hepato-renal function (AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase), cardiovascular health (heart rate, blood pressure), fasting blood lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL) whole blood cell counts (hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW, differential white cell counts) remained within normal clinical limits, and no between-group differences over time were noted.

Conclusions

Collectively, these seminal findings in healthy subjects indicate that six weeks of HEMP PlusCBD Oil^TM supplementation can improve measures of sleep homeostasis, reduce appetite, and enhance quality of life. Ongoing and future analyses will examine changes in stress resilience, autonomic nervous system function, body composition, inflammatory cytokines, adipokines, as well as targeted gene expression/transcriptome (NFkB, NLRP3, UCP, PGC1a), etc.

Acknowledgements

This study was funded in part by a research grant from CV Sciences Inc (Las Vegas, NV). HLL and TNZ are members of the Advisory Board of CV Sciences. The researchers in this study independently collected, analyzed, and interpreted the results without input from CV Sciences, Inc. All other authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) Conference and Expo. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 17, 23 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00352-x

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• Published: 31 May 2020

• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00352-x

中文翻译：

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第十六届国际运动营养学会（ISSN）会议和展览论文集：美国内华达州拉斯维加斯。2019年6月13日至15日。

增编编辑名称Trisha A. VanDusseldorp

我nstitution /部门肯尼索州立大学健康与人类服务学院Wellstar，系运动科学及运动管理

西北议会街520号花园路

肯尼索市

邮政编码GA 30144

国家美国

电子邮件地址tvanduss@kennesaw.edu

增刊编辑名道格拉斯·卡尔曼

机构/部门科学事务，Nutrasource Diagnostics，Inc

研究街120号街

市圭尔夫

邮政编码N1G 0B4

国家ON，加拿大

电子邮件地址dkalman@nutrasource.ca

补编编辑名称Shawn M. Arent

南卡罗来纳大学运动科学学院/系

街921号装配街

哥伦比亚市

邮政编码SC 29208

国家美国

电子邮件地址sarent@mailbox.sc.edu

增刊编辑名Jose Jose Antonio

东南大学运动与体育科学学院/系

大街3532 S.University Drive

戴维市

邮政编码FL 33314

国家美国

电子邮件地址ja839@nova.edu

Dominick Cabrera ¹，Ashley Almanzar ³，Julius D.Thomas ¹，Jose Antonio ²，Corey A.孔雀²，Jaime L.Tartar ¹

¹ Nova东南大学心理学学院，英尺。美国佛罗里达州劳德代尔；² Nova东南大学，保健科学学院，英尺。美国佛罗里达州劳德代尔；³美国佛罗里达州迈阿密科学学院，迈阿密戴德学院

通讯： Jaime L. Tartar（tartar@nova.edu）

背景

心理和生理压力可通过甲基化和miRNA表达的变化诱导基因表达失调。此类表观遗传学修饰尚待专业MMA格斗手研究，这些格斗手要承受涉及反复头部创伤的高压力训练。DNA甲基化的变化与多种健康标志物有关（例如，慢性炎症，自身免疫性疾病和各种癌症）。待评估的miRNA已与多种自身免疫性疾病和癌症相关。在目前的研究中，战斗机经常进行低热量饮食，以达到最高的打击和擒拿水平，为在全球观众面前进行专业比赛做准备。

材料和方法

使用QIAcube仪器（QIAGEN，巴伦西亚，加利福尼亚州，美国）从20名战士和20名对照的血浆样本中提取RNA。将RNA转换为cDNA，并将这些样品按组（MMA和对照）合并，用于PCR阵列，以确定具有差异表达的特异性miRNA。使用QIAGEN试剂盒，实时PCR定量分析了这些miRNA在两组个体中的表达。两组之间的总体甲基化差异也通过LINE-1分析（替代总体DNA分析）进行了评估，该分析是Active Motif（美国加利福尼亚州卡尔斯巴德）的产品。

结果

这项研究目前正在进行中。我们显示了MMA和对照组之间的合并和单个miRNA表达和LINE-1甲基化。

结论

MMA运动员与对照组运动员之间miRNA表达或DNA甲基化的显着差异表明，由于其训练所带来的压力，这些运动员有患某些疾病的危险。鉴定哪些特定的miRNA差异表达为治疗患有疾病的战斗人员提供了潜在的治疗靶标。甲基化的差异提供了对这些战士经历的表型差异的潜在机制的洞察力。两组之间评估的表观遗传修饰无显着差异，这表明尽管受到MMA训练的压力，但这些战斗机罹患与差异甲基化或表达的特定miRNA表达有关的疾病的风险没有更大的风险。

支持

这项研究得到了诺瓦东南大学2019-2020年校长JLT，CP，JA的院系研究与开发补助金的支持。

Jaime L.Tartar ¹，Kayla Thompson ¹，Federico Earhart ²，Jonathan B.Banks ¹

¹ Nova东南大学心理学学院，英尺。美国佛罗里达州劳德代尔；²美国佛罗里达州迈阿密科学学院迈阿密戴德学院

通讯： Jaime L. Tartar（tartar@nova.edu）

背景

大量且不断增长的研究表明，长期禁食（> 24小时）或持续性禁食可以减少炎症并介导改善的认知和心理健康。短期禁食对这些过程的影响尚不清楚。为了开始解决这种不确定性，我们调查了短期（13小时）禁食可以增加认知过程并减少炎症的可能性。

材料和方法

我们进行了一项交叉设计研究，基线和禁食期相距一周（条件顺序被抵消）。对于禁食时段，指示参与者在研究时段之前至少13小时不进食。对于基线阶段，指示参与者吃早餐。认知测试包括工作记忆，持续注意力，处理速度，认知抑制和思维游荡的量度。在每个疗程结束时获取血液和唾液样本，以进行能量和压力（皮质醇）和炎症（IL-1β和Il-6）生物标志物定量。还记录了身高，体重，心率和血压。

结果

认知数据：由于未能按照指示完成一项或多项认知任务，因此删除了来自4名参与者的数据。在工作记忆任务（对称性跨度），处理速度（模式比较），抑制（侧翼）或持续关注（SART目标精度和dprime）上均未观察到显着差异，所有p均大于0.05。禁食时的心智游荡（M = .60，SD = .28）高于基线时（M = .53，SD = .27），t（29）= 2.27，p = .031，d = 0.25。禁食期间，持续关注任务的误报率较高（M = 16.54，SD= 9.73），而不是基线期间（M = 14.72，SD = 10.05），t（29）= 2.22，p = .035，d = .18。

生物标志物数据：禁食时皮质醇水平（M = .15μg/ dL SD = .06）明显高于基线时（M = .19μg/ dL，SD = .07），t（32）= 3.16，p = 0.003，d＝ 0.25。空腹时IL-1β水平（M = 29.57 pg / mL SD = 23.51）显着高于基线时（M = 21.24 pg / mL，SD = 17.55），t（32）= -2.44，p = .02。空腹（M = 6.06 pg / mL SD = 7.05）和基线（M= 7.89 pg / mL，SD = 11.56），p> .05。

结论

总的来说，我们的研究结果表明，短期禁食并不能使认知过程受益，实际上，注意力集中过程中导致的思维游荡增加，而虚假警报也会增加。此外，我们的数据表明，由于能量需求的短期变化，短期禁食可改变皮质醇和炎症，并且可能需要较长时间的禁食或间歇性禁食的抗炎过程和有益的认知变化。

支持

这项研究得到了JLT（P031C160143）的教育部分包合同的支持。

维多利亚·伯吉斯^1,2，莎拉·纳佛（Sarah Knafo）¹，何塞·安东尼奥（Jose Antonio）²，海梅·塔塔（Jaime Tartar）¹

¹美国佛罗里达州戴维市NSU佛罗里达大学心理与神经科学系；²运动与运动科学，佛罗里达州立大学，佛罗里达州戴维市，美国

通讯： Jose Antonio（ja839@nova.edu）

背景

睡眠是健康和运动训练/表现的极其重要的组成部分。最近的研究强调了精英运动员和娱乐性运动员的睡眠，恢复能力和表现之间的相互作用。因此，本研究的目的是检查运动时间或运动强度是否会影响活跃个体的睡眠质量。

材料和方法

将三十四名活跃个体（男性（n = 11）和女性（n = 23））（平均年龄：年龄39±11岁；身高169.2±10.4厘米；体重； 72.8±10.9千克）自我分组为AM （上午11:59之前）或下午（12-11：59pm）运动组，以及基于强度（中等）（MOD）（150分钟/周）或剧烈（VIG）（75分钟/周）的运动强度组。一组特定的标准。他们戴着Actigraph手表参加了为期7天的准实验性定量研究。通过Actigraph手表测量了四种睡眠指标：总睡眠时间（TST），睡眠发作潜伏期（SOL），睡眠效率％（SE）和睡眠发作后苏醒（WASO）。使用阶乘方差分析分析数据，以检查运动时间与强度对参与者睡眠质量之间的关系。

结果

时间组（AM vs. PM）或强度组（MOD vs. VIG）的睡眠质量或持续时间均无显着差异。AM和PM组的结果无显着性差异（平均值±SD：TST – AM 6.7±0.9，PM 6.8±0.9。SOL – AM 14.9±9.2，PM 14.4±11.6。SE-AM 84.2±4.6，PM 84.7 ±4.2。WASO – AM 44.1±13.3，PM 43.2±12.4。此外，强度组（MOD和VIG）之间没有发现显着差异：平均值±SD：总睡眠时间– MOD 6.8±0.8，VIG 6.6±0.9 ; SOL – MOD 14.9±11.8，VIG 14.5±9.1。睡眠效率％-MOD 85.0±4.3，VIG 84.0±4.5。WASO – MOD 42.4±12.2，VIG 45.0±13.4

结论

基于此横截面数据，运动强度或运动时间与睡眠质量或持续时间的指标之间没有关系。

Denvyr Tyler-Palmer ¹，Corey A.孔雀¹，Jamie Tartar ²，Tobin Silver ¹，Jose Antonio ¹

¹运动与体育科学，新星东南大学，美国佛罗里达州戴维；²心理学，新星东南大学，美国佛罗里达州戴维

通讯： Jose Antonio（ja839@nova.edu）

背景

先前的研究表明，补充HMB可能会对身体成分产生积极影响。但是，关于其在混合武术（MMA）战斗机中的作用的研究很少。因此，本研究的目的是确定HMB补充剂对MMA战斗机身体成分的影响。

材料和方法

16名竞争性，健康的MMA战斗机（29±3.5岁； 178.5±7.8 cm；男性）在两个时间点之前（前后）完成了双盲，平衡，两种情况[HMB与安慰剂（纤维素）]研究。该研究由受试者补充HMB（每天3 g）或安慰剂，并在6周内进行MMA训练。在干预前后，均通过In-Body770®评估身体成分。

结果

经过6周的重量训练（千克[kg]），HMB与安慰剂之间无显着差异（p = 0.471）（HMB之前为84.6±10.8，之后为84.1±11.6；安慰剂为87.9±14.2，后87.9±13.5）。无脂肪质量（kg）也没有显着差异（p = 0.095）（HMB前42.3±5.4，后41.8±5.1；安慰剂前44.2±9.0，后44.6±8.8）。脂肪质量（kg）没有显着差异（p = 0.655）（HMB在11.3±2.5之前，在11.2±3.8之后；安慰剂在11.0±4.9之前，在11.2±3.6之后）。最后，对于体脂百分比没有发现差异（p = 0.641）（HMB在13.3±2.5之前，在13.2±3.4之后；安慰剂在12.8±6.4之前，在12.3±6.6之后）。

结论

根据这项初步研究，在MMA战斗机中，HMB补充剂在6周内对身体成分没有影响。可能需要进行使用较大样本并结合积极的力量训练计划的研究。

朱利叶斯·托马斯¹，多米尼克·卡布雷拉¹，何塞·安东尼奥²，科里·孔雀²，海梅·塔塔尔¹

¹ Nova东南大学心理学学院，英尺。美国佛罗里达州劳德代尔；² Nova东南大学，保健科学学院，英尺。美国佛罗里达州劳德代尔

通讯： Jaime L. Tartar（tartar@nova.edu）

背景

专业的接触运动运动员有患慢性创伤性脑病（CTE）的危险，CTE是由反复的头部撞击引起的变性性脑病。直到最近，对CTE的理解还不充分，最初是在拳击手中观察到的，并被归类为“ pugilistica痴呆症”。由于接触运动运动员的情绪与神经健康长期结果之间的牢固关系，我们对两组精英接触运动运动员，NFL运动员和专业MMA运动员进行了测试，以评估他们的神经行为健康状况，包括情感和认知领域，并将这些小组与专业的非对照运动对照组进行比较。

材料和方法

本研究采用横断面设计，仅包括男性。我们测试了9名现役或最近退休的NFL球员（M年龄= 31，SD = 4.3），10名现役或最近退休的专业MMA战士（M年龄= 29.6，SD = 1.65），以及一个由12名非职业橄榄球运动员组成的对照组与运动运动员（例如跑步者，游泳者等）联系（M年龄= 39，SD = 12.5）。为了控制对我们生物标志物措施的昼夜影响，在中午6:00至下午6:00采集血液和唾液。使用NIH Toolbox认知电池进行认知测试，其中包括侧翼任务（执行功能和注意），列表排序任务（工作内存），尺寸变更卡排序测试（执行功能）和模式比较任务（处理速度））。情绪是通过“ NIH工具箱”情绪测试方法进行评估的，包括四个主要领域：心理健康，压力和自我效能，社会关系和负面影响。认知和情绪测量的发现与压力（皮质醇）和炎症（IL-6和IL-1β）的生物标志物有关。

结果

MMA组和对照组在任何认知或情感指标上的认知或情感指标均无显着差异（所有p均> 0.05）。与对照组相比，NFL组在4种情绪测量上显示出显着差异。与对照组（M = 41，SD = 5.45）相比，NFL组（M = 50，SD = 11.87）的感知压力更高，t（19）= 2.24，p = 0.04。NFL组（M = 56.11，SD = 10.776）的恐惧高于对照组（M = 47.25，SD = 6.14），t（19）= 2.39，p= 0.03。NFL组（M = 56.11，SD = 10.776）的焦虑/恐惧高于对照组（M = 47.25，SD = 6.14），t（19）= 2.39，p = 0.03。相关地，NFL组（M = 56.11，SD = 10.776）比对照组（M = 47.25，SD = 6.14），t（19）= 2.39，p = 0.03 ，对身体焦虑（躯体唤醒）的感觉更高。。最后，在NFL组中，愤怒和身体攻击的感觉明显更高（M = 61.67，SD= 6.60），与对照组相比（M = 51.92，SD = 8.37），t（19）= 2.88，p = 0.01。NFL组和对照组在认知指标上无显着差异（所有p均> 0.05）。NFL组中重要心理措施和生物标志物之间的后续相关性表明，促炎细胞因子IL-6与恐惧/焦虑（r = .71，p = 0.03）和愤怒/身体攻击（r =正相关= 0.69，p = 0.04）。IL-6与感觉到的压力略有相关（r = .66，p = 0.05）。

结论

尽管NFL和MMA组均遭受重复性打击，但相对于对照组，这两个组均未表现出认知障碍。NFL组在三种负面影响（恐惧/焦虑，对身体焦虑的感知以及对愤怒/身体攻击的感知）和感知压力的测量上表现出明显的损伤。

凯拉·汤普森¹，米歇尔Filicko ¹，何塞·安东尼奥²，程潜³，乔纳森B.银行¹，海梅L.鞑靼¹

¹ Nova东南大学心理学与神经科学系，英尺。美国佛罗里达州劳德代尔；² Nova东南大学健康与人类绩效系。美国佛罗里达州劳德代尔；³ Enchanted Wave LLC，英尺。美国佛罗里达州劳德代尔

通讯： Jaime L. Tartar（tartar@nova.edu）

背景

睡眠在记忆的巩固中起着至关重要的作用，而REM睡眠尤其与程序性记忆的巩固（即，学习的运动序列）有关。过程内存合并不仅可以稳定内存，还可以提高性能。尽管REM睡眠与程序性记忆巩固之间有很强的联系，但是在文献中关于程序性记忆巩固所需的REM睡眠的时间和数量尚无共识。因此，我们测试了REM睡眠期间程序记忆得到巩固的假设。

材料和方法

使用经过验证的5位数字的指尖敲击任务在4天的测试期内对参与者进行了测试。为所有受试者提供一个单通道EEG头带（Enchanted Wave）和一个手腕电击设备（Phillips Respironics），佩戴三个连续的晚上（4天）以记录睡眠数据。前两晚包括基准睡眠时间。继2^次睡眠的晚上（即3^次天），给予受试者的初始手指敲击“学习”的任务。在随后的一夜睡眠（^第4天）之后，对参与者进行了“敲击训练”和“一般训练后”手指敲击测试的重新测试。

结果

初步结果显示，在随后的一夜睡眠之后，敲击手指的速度和准确性得到了提高。此外，在“一般性，未经训练的岗位”任务中，速度和准确性也得到了提高，这表明运动技能得到了普遍的巩固，而并不是特定于同一序列。

结论

在这项基于EEG的睡眠研究中，评估了REM睡眠过程中的程序性记忆巩固，我们证明了一个晚上的睡眠后，顺序运动技能得到了增强。此外，快速眼动睡眠提供了一种新颖的神经环境来训练程序技能学习。这些结果可以通过在训练后与睡眠保持一致的方案来最佳地提高运动员的表现，从而在运动员和新型的基于睡眠的训练范例中带来实质性的性能优势。

克里斯托弗·霍恩（Christopher Horn）¹，玛达琳·肯扬（Madaline Kenyon）¹，卡桑德拉·卡森（Cassandra Carson）¹，安娅·埃勒布鲁克（Anya Ellerbroek）¹，利亚·建宁（Lia Jiannine）¹，托宾·银（Tobin Silver）¹，科里·孔雀（Corey Peacock）¹，海梅·塔塔尔（Jaime Tartar）²，何塞·安东尼奥（Jose Antonio）¹

¹美国佛罗里达州戴维市NSU佛罗里达州卫生与人类绩效部；² NSU佛罗里达大学心理学和神经科学系，美国佛罗里达戴维

通讯： Jose Antonio（ja839@nova.edu）

含有咖啡因作为其主要活性成分的能量饮料，已被证明对各种体育活动均具有人体产生作用。然而，尚不清楚能量饮料是否对精神运动保持警惕。心理运动警惕性测试是一种用于测量一个人的行为警觉性的工具。这是一种视觉测试，涉及在固定的时间范围（例如5分钟）内测量人对视觉刺激（例如，黑色背景上的红点）做出反应的速度。

材料和方法

二十位接受过运动训练的男人（n = 11）和女人（n = 9）（平均值±SD：年龄32±7岁;身高169±10厘米;体重; 74.5±14.5公斤;体脂百分比20.3±6.2％;年培训14±9；每日咖啡因摄入量463±510毫克）自愿参加了这项随机，双盲，安慰剂对照的交叉试验。通过生物电阻抗（InBody 770）确定身体成分。受试者两次来到实验室，两次测试之间的清除期约为7天。他们按照随机顺序食用BANG能量饮料或类似的品尝安慰剂饮料。在第二次访问中，他们喝了备用饮料。食用后30分钟，他们按此顺序执行以下测试：运动实践测试，心理运动警惕性测试，三组俯卧撑，运动实践性测试和心理运动警惕性测试。反应时间（即平均，最快，最慢）。对于心理运动警惕性测试，还评估了失误，误启动和效率得分。

结果

两组之间（运动能量饮料与安慰剂）与运动实践测试相关的任何测量均无差异。然而，与安慰剂相比，BANG能量饮料治疗导致的精神运动警惕性平均反应时间明显缩短（即更快）（p = 0.0220）（BANG能量饮料473.8±42.0毫秒，安慰剂482.4±54.0毫秒）。此外，BANG能量饮料治疗也产生了比安慰剂显着更高的（p = 0.0250）效率评分（BANG能量饮料723.4±207.1；安慰剂660.4±223.4）。同样，BANG能量饮料的情况导致更少的失误次数（即，反应时​​间> 500毫秒）（p = 0.0608）。

结论

BANG能量饮料的急性消费使受过运动训练的男女的精神运动警觉性明显改善。另外，提高了效率并且减少了失败次数。

致谢

该产品和安慰剂由VPX提供。

Madaline Kenyon ¹，Sarah Knafo ²，Alina Ali ²，Cassandra Carson ¹，Anya Ellerbroek ¹，Cailey Weaver ²，Lia Jiannine ¹，Tobin Silver ¹，Corey Peacock ¹，Jaime Tartar ²，Jose Antonio ¹

¹美国佛罗里达州戴维市NSU佛罗里达州卫生与人类绩效部；² NSU佛罗里达大学心理学和神经科学系，美国佛罗里达戴维

通讯： Jose Antonio（ja839@nova.edu）

背景

肥胖与肥胖相关基因（FTO）的变异与肥胖有关。然而，尚不清楚能量摄入量的变化是否会影响那些具有风险变量的人对热量限制的适应性反应。三种FTO单核苷酸多态性（SNP）rs1421085，rs17817449和rs9939609处于强连锁不平衡状态。因此，本研究的目的是确定FTO基因相对于4周低热量饮食对运动训练后的男性和女性身体成分的影响。我们还评估了唾液样品中的几种生物标志物（即皮质醇，C反应蛋白，α-淀粉酶）。

材料和方法

四十七名接受过运动训练的男性（n = 11）和女性（n = 36）（平均±SD：年龄32±9岁；身高169±8厘米，体重指数24.5±2.9，每周需氧训练时间4.9 ±3.8，每周的重量训练小时3.9±2.4，多年的训练经验13.4±7.0）完成了为期4周的低热量饮食（即，将总卡路里减少约20％，同时保持蛋白质摄入量约2.1 g / kg / d）。指示受试者在治疗期间保持相同的训练方案并通过碳水化合物和/或脂肪限制减少能量摄入。身体成分是通过双能X射线吸收法（DXA）前后测定的。通过多频生物电阻抗装置（InBody 770）确定人体总水。前后收集唾液样品以对参与者进行基因分型并估计几种生物标志物的浓度（见第二部分）。所有测试均在上午11:30至下午3点之间完成。

结果

在47名受试者中，有15名具有肥胖的正常风险，而32名是FTO基因的风险等位基因的携带者。由于其强烈的连锁不平衡，根据三个FTO SNP（即rs1421085，rs17817449和rs9939609）的基因型将受试者分组。我们将那些具有正常肥胖风险的人与那些携带“风险等位基因”的人（即杂合子和纯合子）归为“非风险等位基因”。两组的总能量摄入均显着下降（非风险等位基因：大卡前2081±618，大卡后1703±495；风险等位基因：大卡前1886±515，大卡后1502±366）。两组均损失了大量体重（风险等位基因改变：-1.0±1.2，非风险等位基因改变：-1.2±1.4）和脂肪量（风险等位基因改变：-1.1±0.7，非风险等位基因改变：- 0.9±0。4）组之间无显着差异。两组的无脂肪量或体内总水量均无显着变化。

结论

在短期内（即四个星期），接受过低热量饮食（蛋白质含量较高）的运动训练男性和女性完全由于脂肪量减少而经历了相似的身体成分变化。此外，根据您的FTO基因型，无论您处于正常风险还是肥胖风险较高，变化都是相似的。

何塞·安东尼奥¹，莎拉Knafo ²，Madaline网络Kenyon1，阿丽娜·阿里²，卡桑德拉·卡森¹，安雅Ellerbroek ¹，Cailey韦弗²，科瑞孔雀¹，海梅鞑靼²

¹美国佛罗里达州戴维市NSU佛罗里达州卫生与人类绩效部；² NSU佛罗里达大学心理学和神经科学系，美国佛罗里达戴维

通讯： Jose Antonio（ja839@nova.edu）

背景

肥胖与肥胖相关基因（FTO）的变异与肥胖有关。然而，尚不清楚能量摄入量的变化是否会影响那些具有风险变量的人对热量限制的适应性反应。三种FTO单核苷酸多态性（SNP）rs1421085，rs17817449和rs9939609处于强连锁不平衡状态。因此，本研究的目的是确定FTO基因相对于4周低热量饮食对运动训练后的男性和女性身体成分的影响。我们还评估了几种生物标志物（即唾液α-淀粉酶-交感神经系统活动的标志物；唾液皮质醇-心理应激的生物标志物）。

方法

四十七名接受过运动训练的男性（n = 11）和女性（n = 36）（平均±SD：年龄32±9岁；身高169±8厘米，体重指数24.5±2.9，每周需氧训练时间4.9 ±3.8，每周的重量训练小时3.9±2.4，多年的训练经验13.4±7.0）完成了为期4周的低热量饮食（即，将总卡路里减少约20％，同时保持蛋白质摄入量约2.1 g / kg / d）。指示受试者在治疗期间保持相同的训练方案并通过碳水化合物和/或脂肪限制减少能量摄入。身体成分是通过双能X射线吸收法（DXA）前后测定的。通过多频生物电阻抗装置（InBody 770）确定人体总水。前后收集唾液样品以对参与者进行基因分型并估计几种生物标志物的浓度。所有测试均在上午11:30至下午3点之间进行。

结果

在47名受试者中，有15名具有肥胖的正常风险，而32名是FTO基因的风险等位基因的携带者。由于其强烈的连锁不平衡，根据三个FTO SNP（即rs1421085，rs17817449和rs9939609）的基因型将受试者分组。我们将那些具有正常肥胖风险的人与那些携带“风险等位基因”的人（即杂合子和纯合子）归为“非风险等位基因”。两组的总能量摄入量均显着下降，并且体重和脂肪量明显减少。唾液中的α-淀粉酶或皮质醇没有差异。

结论

相对于唾液α-淀粉酶或皮质醇（即FTO基因SNP：rs1421085，rs17817449和rs9939609），“风险反应”与风险等位基因组与非风险等位基因组之间的个体没有差异。

Anya Ellerbroek ¹，Madaline Kenyon1，Cassandra Carson ¹，Denvyr Tyler-Palmer ¹，Tobin Silver ¹，Jaime Tartar ²，Sarah Knafo ²，Victoria Burgess ¹，Lia Jiannine ¹，Victoria Burgess ¹，Corey孔雀¹，Jose Antonio ¹

¹运动与体育科学，佛罗里达州NSU，美国佛罗里达州戴维；²美国佛罗里达州戴维市NSU佛罗里达州神经科学系

通讯： Jose Antonio（ja839@nova.edu）

背景

有多种用于评估人体成分的实验室方法。每种方法都有其优点和缺点。这项研究的目的是比较155名接受过运动训练的男女的身体成分指标。

材料和方法

一组经过运动训练的男女的身体成分通过空气体积体积描记法（BodPod®），双能X射线吸收法（DXA）和多频生物电阻抗装置（InBody770®）进行评估。受试者（n = 155； 42位男性，113位女性）在实验室的11:00 am至3:00 pm之间进行了身体成分评估（即，身体脂肪百分比，瘦体重和脂肪量）。受试者被告知在测试前三个小时不要进食，并避免早上锻炼。

结果

一百五十五名受试者自愿参加了这项调查（n = 155； n = 113女性，n = 42男性；年龄27±9岁，身高170±10厘米，体重71.4±14.7公斤）。所有受试者均自我报告接受过运动训练。Bod Pod和InBody在任何方面（即脂肪量，瘦体重，体脂百分比）都没有显着差异。然而，与Bod Pod和InBody相比，DXA的脂肪百分比显着更高（p <0.0001）（男性和女性受试者的体脂百分比平均值为±SD：Bod Pod 21.3±8.8，DXA 25.9±7.6 InBody 21.8±9.2 ）。对于女性受试者，InBody和Bod Pod之间没有任何差异。但是，与DXA相比，InBody和Bod Pod的脂肪量低估了，而瘦体重却高估了。另一方面，Inbody之间没有区别，

结论

Bod Pod和InBody之间的任何身体成分测量均无显着差异。然而，与DXA相比，Bod Pod和InBody高估了女性的瘦体重，而低估了脂肪和脂肪百分比。

Cassandra Carson ¹，Madaline Kenyon ¹，Anya Ellerbroek ¹，Denvyr Tyler-Palmer ¹，Tobin Silver ¹，Jaime Tartar ²，Victoria Burgess ¹，Sarah Knafo ²，Lia Jiannine ¹，Jonathan Mike ³，Corey Peacock ¹，Jose Antonio ¹

¹运动与体育科学，佛罗里达州NSU，美国佛罗里达州戴维；²美国佛罗里达州戴维市NSU佛罗里达州神经科学系；3美国亚利桑那州凤凰城大峡谷大学运动科学

通讯： Jose Antonio（ja839@nova.edu）

背景

大量研究比较了本研究中使用的多频BIA设备，DXA和Bod Pod（空气体积体积描记法）对人体成分的估计。因为身体成分可能对健康和性能很重要，并且在利用热量不足的体质比赛中通常很关键，所以本研究的目的是比较双能X射线吸收法（DXA）与多频生物电阻抗（InBody 4周低能量饮食后进行身体成分评估（770）。

材料和方法

指示受试者在治疗期间将其能量摄入减少25％。我们的受试者通常会定期记录食物。因此，他们精通跟踪摄入量。最初还指示受试者在测试前（24小时召回）提供基线食物记录；随后，在治疗期间，他们被指示在MyFitnessPal移动应用程序上保存食物日志（每周三次）。使用双能X射线吸收仪（DXA）（型号：Hologic Horizo​​n W； Hologic Inc.，Danbury CT USA）和InBody 770多频生物电阻抗（BIA）设备评估身体成分。受试者被要求禁食至少3个小时后再到实验室，当天不得进行任何锻炼。所有测试均在上午11:00至下午3:00之间进行。

结果

平均而言，受试者（n = 41 [29位女性，12位男性]；平均值±SD：年龄33±10岁，身高169±8厘米，平均运动训练年限14±6年）使他们的能量摄入减少了17.1±11.2。百分。与DXA相比，BIA低估了脂肪质量和体脂百分比，而高估了瘦体重。但是，当评估脂肪量，瘦体重或体脂百分比的变化时，BIA与DXA之间没有统计学上的显着差异。总体而言，使用DXA与Inbody相比，体内脂肪百分比的变化分别为-1.3±0.9和-1.4±1.8。

结论

我们的数据表明，在四周的时间内跟踪身体成分时，多频BIA（Inbody 770）在运动训练的男女中可能是DXA的可行替代方案。

利亚·建宁（Lia Jiannine），何塞·安东尼奥（Jose Antonio）

美国佛罗里达州戴维市NSU佛罗里达州健康与人类绩效系

通讯： Lia Jiannine（LJiannine@nova.edu）

背景

驯化的玛咖在秘鲁已经种植了2000多年，是秘鲁本地人的主要农作物。关于玛咖的功效，有多种医学上的主张，包括生育力，性功能，能量，体力和身体机能的改善。

材料和方法

这项研究使用了随机，双盲，安慰剂对照的设计，检查了玛咖对诸如身体成分，握力，情绪和性功能等结局指标的影响。47位受试者（18至53岁）被随机分为治疗组（25位受试者）或安慰剂组（22位受试者）。要求参与者每天摄入2.1克含Maca的产品（Nutrition21专有Maca混合物-Lepidamax ^TM）或安慰剂，持续28天。玛咖和安慰剂均分为三片。

参与者需要在两个不同的时间访问身体成分实验室进行测试前和测试后。人体测量包括身高，体重和体脂百分比。通过Jamar手持装置在主要的手中测试了握力。在研究访问日，参与者还填写了两个调查表。第一个是情绪状态档案（POMS），这是一个65项的多维生理评分量表，用于评估短暂的情绪状态，包括紧张，沮丧，愤怒，活力，疲劳和混乱。第二项调查改编自《性功能减损专家访谈》（DISF-SR），其中包含26个问题，分为五个领域：性认知/幻想，性唤起，性行为和经验，性高潮和性欲。

使用SPSS软件分析数据。使用Shapiro检验对所有因变量进行检验。基于小样本量和数据分布，使用非参数Wilcoxon秩和检验来分别检查两组之间的差异。对于单尾P值<0.05，差异被认为是显着的 。

结果

与安慰剂相比，在男性中，玛咖可显着提高握力（p = 0.0371），性行为（p = 0.0185）和疲劳（p = 0.0456）。尽管治疗组的女性与基线相比，疲劳，困惑，紧张，性高潮和握力有明显变化，而安慰剂没有（p <0.05），但与安慰剂组相比，这些差异并不显着。

结论

研究结果表明，玛咖降低了男性的疲劳感，增强了强度并增强了性功能，男性的疗效更为显着。这些效应可能在研究样本量较大的女性中显示出更大的意义。这项研究的结果支持使用玛咖改善男性表现。

帕蒂克·瓦迪亚（Pathik Vaidya），莫妮克·莫卡（Monique Mokha），皮特·博马里托（Pete Bommarito），何塞·安东尼奥（Jose Antonio），利亚·建宁（Lia Jiannine）

美国佛罗里达州戴维市NSU佛罗里达州健康与人类绩效系

通讯： Jose Antonio（ja839@nova.edu）

背景

在NFL合并之前，球员要参加NFL训练营，以改善他们的健康和运动能力，为职业生涯的首次亮相做准备。玩家尝试在各种测试中提高性能，例如垂直跳，宽跳，40码破折号和3锥钻，以及他们的身体组成。NFL在过去十年中一直使用BodPod来测量联合收割机的身体成分。BodPod测量个体排出的空气量，并使用算法以及个体的身高和体重来确定身体脂肪百分比（％BF）和无脂肪量。

材料和方法

参加本次研究的各种为NFL训练的大学橄榄球运动员都自愿参加。使用体积空气排量（BodPod）和多频生物电阻抗设备（InBody 770）来测量其身体成分。运动员接受了两次测试，一次是在参加训练计划之前，一次是在之后。

结果

训练前和训练后测试的身体成分没有显着差异。运动员的平均脂肪量在测试后比测试前略低。但是，这种差异在统计上并不显着。

结论

由于NFL训练计划，身体成分没有明显变化。

塔蒂亚娜·萨尔奎罗（Tatyana Salguero），托德·周（Todd Chou），莫妮克·莫卡（Monique Mokha），皮特·博马里托（Pete Bommarito），何塞·安东尼奥（Jose Antonio），利亚·建宁

美国佛罗里达州戴维市NSU佛罗里达州健康与人类绩效系

通讯： Jose Antonio（ja839@nova.edu）

背景

参加旨在改善每位运动员的健康和运动技能的培训计划后，球员在NFL联合赛中被招募的机会更大。握力可能会影响人的表现。以下研究研究了NFL训练计划是否会影响个人的握力，以及身体成分的变化是否与握力的变化有关

材料和方法

九名大学橄榄球运动员为NFL联合训练自愿参加了这项研究。每个球员的握力都使用AnalogBaseline®测力计进行测量。每个玩家的优势手都进行了两次录音。使用两种方法测量身体成分。第一种方法是使用空气置换（BodPod），第二种方法是通过生物电阻抗分析来计算人体成分（InBody 770）。每个球员的握力和身体成分均测量两次。在开始培训计划之前和完成计划之后，对他们进行了测量。

结果

握力没有明显差异。运动员在测试前的平均握力为61.1公斤，测试后为57.9公斤。身体组成也没有明显变化。测试前的平均身体成分为13.1％，测试后的平均身体成分为13.4％。身体成分的变化与握力的变化无关。

结论

握力和身体组成的变化均不显着，并且两个变量的变化得分之间没有关系。

科里·孔雀¹，萨拉·纳福²，瓦莱里亚·纳泽尔³，多米尼克·卡布雷拉²，朱利叶斯·托马斯²，何塞·安东尼奥¹杰米·塔塔尔¹

¹ Nova东南大学，保健科学学院，英尺。美国佛罗里达州劳德代尔；² Nova东南大学心理学学院，英尺。美国佛罗里达州劳德代尔；³美国佛罗里达州迈阿密科学学院，迈阿密戴德学院

通讯： Jaime L. Tartar（tartar@nova.edu）

背景

儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶（COMT）基因（rs4680）中的功能性单核苷酸多态性（SNP）具有广阔的前景，可以预测在战斗中维持认知敏捷性的能力（例如持续的注意力和加工速度）。竞争。COMT酶可在中枢神经系统和周围神经系统中分解代谢儿茶酚胺。COMT（Val158Met）SNP导致COMT酶的活性降低2到4倍，多巴胺水平升高，尤其是前额叶皮层（PFC）。至关重要的是，COMT Met（低活性；高多巴胺）等位基因携带者在各种认知任务上均优于Val（高活性；低多巴胺）纯合子。但是，在压力条件下，基因型和认知能力之间的这种关系似乎相反。应激会增加PFC DA水平，而Met等位基因携带者（具有更高的DA）相对于Val等位基因携带者表现出功能缺陷。这种模式反映了DA活动的倒U型功能，其中DA太少（Val等位基因）或太多（在压力下满足Met等位基因携带者）与不良的认知表现有关。Val等位基因在抗逆力方面的优势被称为COMT“战士/恐惧者”模型。与该模型一致，我们预测精英，UFC级别的MMA战士比运动员控件携带GG（战士）基因型的可能性更高，并且相对于非运动员控件，两组的GG等位基因频率更高。这种模式反映了DA活动的倒U型功能，其中DA太少（Val等位基因）或太多（在压力下满足Met等位基因携带者）与不良的认知表现有关。Val等位基因在抗逆力方面的优势被称为COMT“战士/恐惧者”模型。与该模型一致，我们预测精英，UFC级别的MMA战士比运动员控件携带GG（战士）基因型的可能性更高，并且相对于非运动员控件，两组的GG等位基因频率更高。这种模式反映了DA活动的倒U型功能，其中DA太少（Val等位基因）或太多（在压力下满足Met等位基因携带者）与不良的认知表现有关。Val等位基因在抗逆力方面的优势被称为COMT“战士/恐惧者”模型。与该模型一致，我们预测精英，UFC级别的MMA战士比运动员控件携带GG（战士）基因型的可能性更高，并且相对于非运动员控件，两组的GG等位基因频率更高。

材料和方法

对19名MMA运动员（平均年龄= 30.19，SD = 5.16），21名非接触运动运动员对照（M年龄= 31.19，SD = 12.16）和41名非运动员对照（平均年龄= 22.66，SD = 4.14）进行基因分型。为COMT 4680多态性。该研究仅包括男性参与者。按照制造商用于唾液核酸提取的标准规程（QIAGEN，美国加利福尼亚州瓦伦西亚），在QIAcube仪器中提取基因组DNA。分离后，使用荧光探针（Applied Biosystems，CA，USA），使用TaqMan SNP基因分型测定法，通过实时聚合酶链反应（PCR）确定COMT基因的等位基因区分。通过StepOne软件（Applied Biosystems）基于荧光信号自动确定基因型。样品一式两份运行，如果出现通话差异，则重新运行样品。

结果

我们进行了一系列卡方分析。A 3（组）X 2（COMT）分析显示，组X ² = 9.32，p = 0.01之间基因型频率的总体显着差异。MMA组和非运动员对照组之间也有统计学上的显着差异X ² = 8.84，p = 0.002。但是，运动员对照组和非运动员对照组之间X ² = 3.80，p = 0.05，差异无统计学意义。MMA组和运动员对照组之间X ² = 0.90，p = 0.34，也没有统计学上的显着差异。

结论

我们的数据显示了战士（GG）基因型增加的趋势，其中MMA战士的出现频率最高（58％），其次是运动员对照组（43％），而非运动员的对照组则频率最低（20％） ）。综合来看，我们的研究结果表明“战士”基因型可能在参与竞技体育特别是格斗体育中发挥作用。

支持

这项研究得到了JLT（P031C160143）的教育部分包合同的支持。

杰弗里·罗杰斯（Jeffrey M. Rogers），乔什·吉尔斯（Josh Gills），米歇尔·格雷（Michelle Gray）

阿肯色大学运动科学研究中心，阿肯色大学1，HPER 321-E，费耶特维尔，AR 72701，美国

通讯：杰弗里·罗杰斯（rogersdst@gmail.com）

背景

临床医生，专业运动员和休闲运动员都对补充蛋白感兴趣，该补充蛋白可上调血管内皮中一氧化氮（NO）的产生，从而增加动脉血管舒张。这些补品的好处包括血压，肌肉充血和运动表现的改善。苹果酸瓜氨酸（CM）是锻炼前的成分，因其具有提高运动能力和血清L-精氨酸浓度，从而产生NO的能力而广受欢迎。最近，在一组研究表明ASI增加了血清精氨酸并减少了锻炼后的肌肉损伤后，肌醇稳定的精氨酸硅酸盐（ASI，亚硝胺）已被添加到许多最受欢迎的锻炼前混合物中。尚无研究使用流介导的扩张（FMD）技术对CM和ASI进行体内比较，验证血管内皮NO产生能力的方法。因此，本实验的目的是确定与CM和安慰剂相比，ASI在上调血管NO产生的有效性，如通过血管扩张的急性变化所测。

方法和材料

我们采用了双盲，受试者内部设计，参与者报告了三项试验，每项试验前有7天的清除期。向研究中心报告后，参与者阅读并签署了知情同意书，给出了简短的病史，并一直保持直立姿势，直到血压和心率恢复正常为止。然后，参与者在放血椅上仰卧到舒适的仰卧姿势，并根据参与者的舒适程度在70到90度和心脏高度绑架他或她的手臂。获得基线FMD测量值，然后食用一种临床剂量的CM（8g），ASI（1.5g）或右旋糖安慰剂（8g）；补充订单是随机控制的潜在订单效果。参与者完成了简短的24小时营养调查，并等待了60分钟。等待期过后，重复FM​​D。我们使用屏幕捕获软件记录了整个FMD程序，并使用Quipu Cardiac Suite软件对视频进行了分析。

结果

重复测量方差分析产生了显着的补充x时间效应（p <.001），因此CM和ASI产生的FMD响应变化大于安慰剂。在对FMD值进行异度缩放后，补充x时间效应仍然很显着（p = .001）。

结论

CM和ASI都对希望增加运动中肌肉充血潜力的人特别有益。我们的结果支持以前的发现，即CM和ASI可提高血清精氨酸浓度，并有效提高血管内皮一氧化氮的产生能力。

致谢

我们使用州立大学本科生研究基金和阿肯色大学荣誉学院提供的资金进行了这项研究。

雪莱·霍尔顿（Shelley L. Holden）和尼尔·施瓦兹（Neil A.Schwarz）

南阿拉巴马大学，莫比尔，美国

通讯： Shelley L. Holden（sholden@southalabama.edu）

背景

这项研究的目的是比较国际运动营养学会（ISSN）

关于每日摄入的大量营养素和千卡（kcal）的建议

高校女足球运动员。

材料和方法

二十名NCAA第一分区女足球运动员（162.18±9.75厘米; 65.96±18.5公斤; 18.52±

在季前赛的前三天和赛季中期比赛的四天内，自我报告的饮食摄入量为2.27％，22.5±2.07 kg / m 2）。参与者体重用于计算推荐的ISSN常量营养素和能量值。分别计算季前和季中期间的每日平均总能量和常量营养素摄入量。将报告的摄入量与ISSN针对团队运动运动员提出的营养建议进行比较（50 kcal / kg / d，含30％脂肪； 6.5 g / kg / d碳水化合物； 1.8 g / kg / d蛋白质）。使用重复测量方差分析分析数据，先验α水平为p = 0.05。Tukey的事后测试用于多个比较。

结果

报告的中期能量摄入量（1621±424 kcal / d）显着降低（p <0.01）

较季前（2082±494 kcal / d）均显着低于（p <0.01）ISSN

建议（3095±368 kcal / d）。季中报告的碳水化合物摄入量（191±54

（g / d）较季前（252±69 g / d）显着降低（p <0.01），两者均比ISSN建议（404±45 g / d）显着降低（p <0.01）。在季前（72±26 g / d）和季中（57±24 g / d）之间，报告的脂肪摄入量相似（p = 0.08），但两者均明显低于ISSN的建议（p <0.01）（ 103.6±11.5克/天）。已报告

季中蛋白质摄入量（69±25 g / d）显着低于报告（p <0.01）

季前摄入量（101±27 g / d）和ISSN建议（112±12 g / d）。已报告

季前蛋白质摄入量等于ISSN建议值（p = 0.25）。

结论

总体而言，据报道，NCAA第一类女足球运动员的能量和常量营养素摄入量为

低于ISSN提出的建议。未来的研究应探索

该人群中自我报告数据的准确性以及是否进行营养教育和/或干预

可以帮助他们满足建议并改善恢复和性能。

Danielle Pope，Lorena Hernandez，Jose Antonio，Lia Jiannine

Nova东南大学，美国佛罗里达戴维

通讯： Lia Jiannine（ljiannine@nova.edu）

背景

运动补品有助于恢复和运动表现，并改善整体健康状况。人体工学助剂由维生素，矿物质，氨基酸或草药组成，有助于提高机能，可从柜台购买。这项研究调查了补充剂的类型，补充剂的使用频率以及补充剂的原因。

材料和方法

九十一分部第二女运动员匿名答复了谷歌调查表。参与者提供了人口统计信息，并列出了他们的大学运动。

运动员完成了一项全面的调查，详细说明了补充方式的使用频率和原因。

结果

在91项回应中，有75.8％服用运动补品。在服用补充剂的人中，有82.4％的人报告服用补充剂可以恢复运动，48.5％的运动量和26.5％的肌肉增长。蛋白质是最常用的补充剂。66.7％的人使用了乳清粉，其次是蛋白质棒（62.1％）。令人惊讶的是，在69名参与者中，只有1名在饮食中添加了维生素C，生物素，铁和/或女性维生素，而这些运动员均未添加β-丙氨酸。当运动员报告补充理由时，有40.9％的参与者表示接受教练的推荐，有37.9％的队友推荐，31.8％的家庭推荐以及22.7％的参与者表示他们接受了医师和/或营养师的推荐。

结论

接受调查的II级运动员中，超过75％的人食用运动补品。由于大多数运动员服用补充剂以恢复体力，毫不奇怪的是，乳清蛋白是最常用的补充剂。大多数运动员每天都服用补品。运动员列出了教练组的建议，其次是队友的建议，这是两个最常见的外部激励因素。

帕特里克·哈蒂¹，汉娜·扎布里斯基¹，理查·斯泰克¹，布拉德利·库里尔¹，安德鲁·贾吉姆²，斯科特·里奇蒙¹，辛西娅·施罗德¹，乍得·科克斯基克，费森¹

¹美国林肯伍德大学健康科学学院运动与行为营养实验室，美国密苏里州圣查尔斯；²美国威斯康星州奥纳拉斯加，梅奥诊所卫生系统家庭医学部人类绩效实验室。

通讯： Chad M. Kerksick（ckerksick@lindenwood.edu）

背景

咖啡因是一种常用的兴奋剂，已被证明可以改善各种人群的力量产生，力量产生和肌肉耐力。但是，人们很少知道运动前摄取咖啡因的最佳时间，以最大程度地提高该物质的人体工程学益处。这项研究的目的是确定最佳的运动前时间间隔，以消耗咖啡因，以最大程度地提高力量产生，抗疲劳性和动力产生。这项研究的第二个目的是确定在对咖啡因定时给药的反应中是否存在任何性别差异，并确定急性咖啡因补充对肌肉性能的一般人为作用。

材料和方法

健康，经过抗性训练的男性（n = 18;平均±SD;年龄：25.1±5.7岁;身高：178.4±7.1 cm;体重：91.3±13.5 kg;体重百分比：20.7±5.2;平均咖啡因摄入量：146.6± 100.3 mg·day ^-1）和女性（n = 11;平均数±SD;年龄：20.1±1.6岁;身高：165.0±8.8 cm;体重：65.8±10.0 kg;体重百分比：25.8±4.2;平均咖啡因摄入量：111.8±91.7 mg·day ^-1）参加本研究。以随机，双盲，安慰剂对照，交叉的方式，参与者摄入6 mg·kg ^-1咖啡因或安慰剂溶液在三个时间点进行运动测试：之前2小时（2H），之前1小时（1H）或之前30分钟（30M）。在3次就诊期间，在一个时间点服用咖啡因，而在一次就诊期间的所有时间点服用安慰剂。服用补充剂后，参与者进行了下半身测试电池，包括等距大腿中部拉力（IMTP），反向运动垂直跳跃（CMVJ）和等距/等速膝关节伸肌测试（ISO / ISOK）。重复测量方差分析，配对样本t检验和效应量计算用于分析所有结果。

结果

与安慰剂相比，在1H施用咖啡因可显着改善绝对CMVJ和ISO性能。在1H期间，平均CMVJ跳跃高度明显高于30M。然而，仅咖啡因在30M时可显着改善等速运动性能的绝对指标。对合并的咖啡因状况以及每种状况相对于安慰剂的性能变化的分析表明，与女性相比，咖啡因在男性中更稳定地增强了肌肉性能。

结论

运动前的咖啡因时间显着调节了对该物质的反应，相对于其他时间点，特别是与2H相比，1H发挥了最一致的人体工程学益处。与女性参与者相比，发现男性参与者对咖啡因的反应更加一致。这些结果表明，活跃的个体可以通过在需要峰值肌肉表现之前约一小时食用该物质，来最大程度地发挥咖啡因的人体工程学作用。

致谢

作者要感谢所有参与者的参与研究。该项目由美国国家强度和调节协会基金会资助。作者宣称没有利益冲突。

克里斯托弗·瓦恩（Christopher G.Vann）¹，保罗。A.罗伯逊¹，谢尔比C.奥斯本¹，佩蒂W.芒福德¹，马修A.罗梅罗¹，卡尔顿D.福克斯¹，约翰逊H.摩尔¹，科迪·豪恩²，安德烈亚斯·N·卡瓦齐斯^1,4，维拉LD Badisa ³，Benjamin M.Mwashote ³，Victor M.Ibeanusi ³，Darren T.Beck ^1,4，Jordan R.Moon ⁵，Kaelin C.Young ^1,4，Michael D.Roberts ^1,4

¹美国阿拉巴马州奥本市奥本大学运动学学院；²美国乔治亚州拉格兰奇，拉格兰奇学院运动科学系；³美国佛罗里达州塔拉哈西佛罗里达A＆M大学环境学院；⁴爱德华·威斯大学整骨医学学院细胞生物学和生理学系-美国阿​​拉巴马州奥本市奥本校区；⁵ ImpediMed Inc.，美国加利福尼亚州卡尔斯巴德

通讯： Michael D. Roberts（mdr0024@auburn.edu）

背景

有证据表明，衰老和反常的长期抵抗训练可降低骨骼肌肌原纤维蛋白的浓度或体积。虽然前者的出现是与年龄相关的表型，但后者可能是由于被称为“肌浆肥大”的现象引起的，其中肌浆蛋白浓度和/或体积的增加早于肌原纤维蛋白的积聚。这项研究的目的是检查从较年轻的抵抗训练者（YT，n = 6，25±4岁，报道的训练年为9.8±3.0岁）和较健康的年轻人（YT，n = 6，25±4岁，9.8±3.0报告的训练年）获得的骨骼肌活检组织的肌原纤维和肌浆蛋白质组。 YU，n = 6，21±1岁）和更大的年龄段（OU，n = 6，62±8岁）未经训练的个体，目的是确定训练或衰老是否改变了所述蛋白质库的相对丰度。

材料和方法

参与者进行了一系列测试，并在禁食过夜后的早晨数小时捐献了股外侧肌（VL）的活组织检查。使用差异离心法分离VL肌浆蛋白和肌原纤维蛋白级分，测定每个级分的蛋白浓度，并使用SDS-PAGE分析肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白的浓度。

结果

以下变量在队列之间是不同的（p <0.05）：a）全身瘦肉软组织肿块（YT> YU＆OU），b）VL厚度（YT> YU＆OU）和腿伸肌峰值扭矩（YT> YU＆OU）。YT相对于OU（p = 0.005）的肌原纤维蛋白浓度更高，YU相对于OU（p = 0.091）的趋势更高，但前两组之间无差异（p = 0.325）。YT中的肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白浓度高于YU（p <0.05）和OU（p <0.001）。两组之间的肌浆蛋白浓度无差异。汇集所有参与者后，VL厚度与肌原纤维蛋白浓度（r ² = 0.482，p = 0.001）和肌球蛋白浓度（r ² = 0.441，p = 0.004）之间存在关联，² = 0.084，p = 0.241）。

结论

这些数据表明VL肌原纤维蛋白浓度随衰老而降低。此外，长期的抵抗训练不能维持肌浆肥大，但可以促进适度（〜10％）的肌原纤维蛋白堆积。

约瑟夫·布恩（Joseph B. Boone），亚历克斯·奥尔莫斯（Alex A.Olmos），普昂·哈（Phuong L.Ha），马修·斯特拉顿（Matthew T.Stratton），艾莉莎·贝利（Alyssa R.Bailly），米迦·J·波萨尔（Micah J. Yuri Feito，Garrett M.Hester

美国佐治亚州肯尼索，肯尼索州立大学运动科学与体育管理​​系

通讯： Garrett M. Hester（ghester4@kennesaw.edu）

背景

公认的是，肌肉力量对于老年人的身体功能很重要，但是，速度直到最近才被确定为某些功能性任务的重要贡献者。在坐着站着（STS）的同时检查力量和速度可能会产生有关老年人身体机能的相关见解。这项研究的目的是比较男性和老年男性在一次STS期间的功率和速度参数。

材料和方法

三十名健康，未经训练的年轻人（n = 15;年龄= 20.7±2.2岁; BMI = 23.1±2.4 kg / m ² ;）和年龄较大的人群（n = 15;年龄= 72.1±4.0岁; BMI = 29.6±5.4 kg / m ²）招募了男性参加这项研究。参与者进行了一次STS，涉及从坐姿上升到站立姿势，而无需上身的帮助（手臂交叉在胸前）。测试之前已完成一次熟悉访问。指示参与者“尽快站起来”，并进行了三项试验。两次试验之间通过手动测角法测量膝关节角度，以确保两次试验之间的一致性。在STS期间，使用连接到参与者腰部的Tendo举重分析仪（Trencin，斯洛伐克共和国）获得峰值力，平均功率，平均分功率，峰值功率，平均速度和峰值速度。在每次测试之前，将体重输入到Tendo微处理器中。峰值力和平均部分功率是从机芯的前50％获得的，而所有其他变量都是在机芯的整个范围内计算得出的。平均功率最高的试验用于后续分析。独立样本t检验用于检验组之间的差异。

结果

老年男性的峰值功率下降（28％； p = 0.016），但两组间的峰值力相似（p = 0.458）。两组之间的平均功率相似（p = 0.132），而老年男性的部分平均功率较低（18％； p = 0.039）。老年男性的峰值速度和平均速度降低（分别为29％； p = 0.001和27％； p = 0.008）。

结论

这些数据表明，在STS期间，老年男性在功率和速度参数上优先降低。考虑到相对差异以及各组之间的平均力量相似，发现与年龄相关的速度差异似乎比力量差异更为显着。相关地，在老年组中，部分平均功率较低，而峰值力相似，这一发现表明，速度的降低主要影响功率的降低，至少对于STS的初始方面而言。对于旨在增强老年人身体机能的干预措施而言，提高速度能力可能至关重要。

麦克拉G.阿兰西¹，马修T.力通¹，阿莉莎R.贝利¹阿莉莎J.赫尔姆斯¹，安德鲁Modjeski ¹，梅根Barie ¹，由里费托¹，杰拉德T. Mangine ¹，Karleena R. Tuggle ²，蒂芙尼A.伊斯马特¹，盖瑞特M.赫斯特¹，凯特海斯¹，和特丽莎A. VanDusseldorp ¹

¹肯尼索州立大学运动科学与体育管理​​系，美国乔治亚州；² WellStar Medical Group综合减肥服务，美国乔治亚州玛丽埃塔

通讯： Trisha A. VanDusseldorp（tvanduss@kenensaw.edu）

背景

Methylliberine（1,7,9，tetramethlyluric酸，Dynamine™）和四甲尿酸（Teacrine®）是纯生物碱，在多个物种中天然存在的小果，并且从咖啡因导出。先前对Teacrine的研究报告说，精力，专注力和注意力增强，疲劳感降低。尽管我们先前已发布了飞行员摘要，但目前尚无有关Dynamine的已发布人类安全数据。这项研究的目的是检查连续使用Dynamine以及不使用TeaCrine的四个星期对心律（心电图; ECG），静息心率（RHR），血压（BP）和心理测量参数的变化的影响（ PP）。

材料和方法

一百名大学年龄的男性（n = 43）和女性（n = 57）随机分为五组之一：低剂量Dynamine（100mg），高剂量Dynamine（150mg），低剂量Dynamine与TeaCrine（100mg Dynamine + 50mg TeaCrine），高剂量Dynamine和TeaCrine（150mg Dynamine + 25mg TeaCrine）和安慰剂（125mg麦芽糊精）。然后使用视觉模拟量表（VAS; 1）对参与者进行基线心电图，RHR，BP和PP评估（精力，生产力，机敏性，脱敏，从事身体任务的动机，从事精神任务的动机以及感知的专注程度）。 -10磅），每30分钟一次，直到首次给药后120分钟为止。进行基线评估后，指示受试者每天早晨醒来时，连续四个星期用大约12盎司的水饮用补充剂。

结果

用重复测量（组x性别x时间）对方差进行的三项分析表明，没有显着的相互作用。相反，注意到时间的主要影响为RHR（p <0.001），BP（收缩压：p = 0.001；舒张压：p = 0.018）和校正的QT间隔（p <0.001），其中在每次补充4周后各项指标均下降期间，与补充策略或性别无关。与基线相比，在每个时间点，从服药前到服药后60分钟（补充4周），RR和PP间隔增加（p <0.001），精力，机敏，专注和执行身体和精神任务的动力。在完成调查的参与者中未报告不良事件。

结论

这些数据表明，Dynamine™与TeaCrine单独使用或组合^®不显著影响心脏节律，RHR，BP和PP跟随在本研究中使用的剂量急性或慢性的补充。

致谢

Compound Solutions，Inc.拨款

马修T.斯特拉顿¹，格兰特M.汀斯利²，麦克拉阿莱西¹，加勒特M.海丝特¹，亚历克斯A.奥尔莫斯¹，保罗R. Serifini ¹，安德鲁Modjeski ¹，杰拉尔德T. Mangine ¹，凯尔西王¹，谢尔比野人¹，奥斯汀·韦伯¹和特丽莎·范·杜塞尔多普¹

¹肯尼索州立大学运动科学与体育管理​​系，美国乔治亚州；²德州理工大学运动与运动管理系，美国德克萨斯州拉伯克

通讯： Trisha A. VanDusseldorp（tvanduss@kenensaw.edu）

背景

限时喂养（TRF）将每日食物摄入量限制为4-10小时。最近的调查表明，通过维持无脂体重（FFM）和改善肌肉机能（MP）可以减轻体重（BM）脂肪量（FM）和体脂百分比（BF％），从而增加了TRF锻炼人群的兴趣。 。

材料和方法

将26名娱乐活跃的男性随机分为两组，即TRF组（n = 13； 22.9±3.6岁； 82.0±10.6 kg； 178.1±7.3 cm），在指定的8小时时间内进食所有餐点，或正常饮食组（ND； n = 13； 22.5±2.2岁； 83.3±15.0千克； 177.5±8.8厘米），他们的饮食保持正常。两组均处于25％的热量不足状态，要求每天摄入1.8 g / kg /天的饮食蛋白。参加者每周接受3次为期4周的全身抵抗力训练。身体成分（FM，FFM，BF％）通过使用双能X射线吸收仪，空气体积体积描记法和生物电阻抗分析的四室模型进行评估。超声检查了股外侧肌（VL）股直肌（RF）和肱二头肌（BB）肌肉的骨骼肌横截面积（CSA）和肌肉厚度（MT）。静止能量消耗（REE）通过间接量热法评估。通过基准检查血压变化_1RM）和腿部_推举（LP _1RM）1RM，重复失败（BP _RTF ; LP _RTF）以及垂直跳高（VJ _HT）峰值功率（VJ _PP）和力（VJ _F）。另外，收集血清和血浆以定量血液生物标志物：睾丸激素，皮质醇和脂联素。整个过程中都评估了感觉恢复，日常生活压力，精力，进食欲望，饥饿，饱腹感和从事体育锻炼的动机。两次（时间×组）重复测量方差分析用于比较所有变量的时间跨组。

结果

在BM，FM，BF％，睾丸激素，脂联素和REE中显着降低（p <0.05），且BP _1RM，LP _1RM，VJ _HT，VJ _PP，VL _CSA，BB _CSA，BB _MT显着增加。两组。但是，对于上述任何变量，均未发现组×时间相互作用。仅在ND后血浆皮质醇水平显着升高（p = 0.018）。组之间的FFM保持平均。心理测量参数无差异。

结论

我们的结果表明，与单独的热量限制相比，短期TRF不会增强FM的降低。此外，短期TRF不会阻碍MP的改善或骨骼肌CSA的增加。

舒马赫（C.Schumacher），贝尔（B.B.），哈里斯（M。），S。达斯特（Durst），E.Thombs和L.

美国俄亥俄州联盟联盟大学运动科学计划

通讯： Lowery，L.（LoweryLM@mountunion.edu）

背景

穿戴式活动追踪器（加速度计）和含咖啡因的饮料在大学生中都很受欢迎。因此，需要有关特定模型的信息，这些信息是关于不同身体部位的学生所佩戴的这些设备的协议以及咖啡因可能对其产生的影响。我们假设在评估体力活动的大学生的日常运动时，在不同解剖部位佩戴的加速度计会一致。此外，我们假设咖啡因的摄入量与所记录的每日运动量呈正相关。

材料和方法

从清醒到睡了四天，有15名参与者在右髋部佩戴了欧姆龙HJ-321计步器（伊利诺伊州莱克森林的欧姆龙医疗公司），右腕上佩戴了FitBit Charge HR（加利福尼亚州旧金山的Fitbit Inc.）。 。在此期间，参与者完成了饮食记录，使用食物处理机11.4（ESHA研究，塞勒姆，俄勒冈州）分析了营养和咖啡因的摄入量。使用Statistica软件13.3（TIBCO软件，加利福尼亚州帕洛阿尔托）进行统计分析。

结果

欧姆龙加速度与FitBit的加速度相关（r = 0.92; p <0.001），解释了84.6％的方差（r ² = 0.846），但系统地低估了FitBit 14％。此外，在四天内消耗的咖啡因的平均剂量（mg）与欧姆龙（r = -0.047，p = 0.88）或Fitbit（r = -0.050，p = 0.87）记录的平均加速次数之间缺乏相关性。 。每天的咖啡和咖啡因摄入量与每天的特定加速情况也不相关。

结论

在此设计的限制范围内，我们得出结论，腰部穿戴的欧姆龙HJ-321数据高度相关，但系统地低估了腕部穿戴的FitBit Charge HR数据，并且将欧姆龙HJ-321数据乘以1.14可提供相似的信息。也就是说，大学生的上半身运动似乎为日常运动贡献了14％。但是，应谨慎地推断基于运动的能量消耗，因为手臂运动（在手腕上进行）的工作量与全身（腰部记录的）运动相同，并且手腕设备可能会使用算法来估算步幅在推断步骤时。其次，咖啡因的摄入与任何一种设备记录的日常运动都没有可重复的关系，这可能是由于（从运动教练那里）进行的强制运动和步行到预定的课程，这消除了（咖啡因影响的）自愿性劳累的要素。这可能是我们的数据与自由生活的中年澳大利亚人的数据不同的原因。（Torquati等人（ 2018）。未来的大学生研究应通过将咖啡/咖啡因的摄入量与狭窄的运动人群的运动模式相关来控制团队运动。

致谢

这项研究得到了芒特联合大学跨科学研究俱乐部和学生参议院研究基金的部分支持。

哈里斯（马里兰州），河普特曼（R.Putman），肯塔基州拉夫纳（Ruffner），乔治亚州斯莱克（Slack），弗吉尼亚州Vansickle，加利福尼亚州门德尔（Mendel）和湖里（Lowery）。

美国俄亥俄州联盟联盟大学运动科学计划和生物化学计划

通讯： Lowery，L（LoweryLM@mountunion.edu）

背景

运动前经常摄入含咖啡因的饮料，以产生人为作用。我们实验室以前的咖啡数据（Wise等人，2014年）表明，男女之间的卧推压力也有类似的提高。但是，在这种运动前的环境中，很少有研究将男女在心理测量和儿茶酚胺反应方面进行比较。我们假设对咖啡加运动的警觉性和肾上腺素（EPI）反应在两性之间没有差异。

材料和方法

通过速溶咖啡（VIA）或脱咖啡因咖啡（DCF）随机摄入星巴克后60分钟，禁食的参与者（19名男性； 18名女性）以史密斯机的卧推方式蹲下并蹲下，每次重复的最大值达到50％，然后进行垂直跳跃。评估警觉性（Likert型1-5），并在吸收和运动后立即抽取随机亚组（6名男性； 4名女性）的血液。通过酶联免疫吸附试验分析样品的EPI。使用Statistica软件13.3进行阶乘ANOVA和SNK事后分析，将显着性设置为≤0.05，并且将p = 0.06-0.10的值考虑为趋势。

结果

在所有受试者中，性别之间都存在着明显的性交交互：运动后的女性（VIA 4.4±1.3 vs. DCF 3.2±1.7；p≤0.05）与男性（VIA 4.2±1.8 vs. DCF 3.7±1.7）； p ＜ 0.05）。由于体重协变量，女性仍然倾向于更高的警觉性（p < 0.10）。在具有心理数据和激素数据的子集中，女性的警觉性增强更大（VIA 4.8±0.5 vs. DCF 3.2±0.5； p < 0.05）vs男性（VIA 4.4±0.6 vs. DCF 4.3±1.0； p > 0.05） ）。警觉性增强与EPI升高一致，后者呈趋势（p <0.10）：女性VIA为135.9±97.9％，而DCF为5.6±29.7％；男性VIA为21.0±87.2％，而DCF为27.1±95.9％。基线EPI的变化可以消除趋势（p> 0.05）。女性（2.04）看到的EPI百分比变化的影响很大，而男性（0.07）没有。

结论

完整的数据集未能支持我们的假设，即在喝咖啡和运动后，性别的警觉性不会有所不同。妇女变得更加机敏，在调整体重后，这种趋势一直持续。此外，与男性相比，一部分女性表现出更大的机敏性变化，这与统计趋势和EPI升高的较大影响值相吻合。未来的研究应在所有受试者中采用各种咖啡类型，锻炼方案和血清测量值。

致谢

这项研究得到了芒特联合大学跨科学研究俱乐部和学生参议院研究基金的部分支持。

Gabriel J.Sanders ¹，Haley Libs ¹，Brian Boos ¹，Frank Shipley ¹，Corey A.孔雀²

¹美国肯塔基州高地高地的北肯塔基大学；² Nova东南大学，美国佛罗里达州劳德代尔堡

通讯： Gabriel J. Sanders（sandersg1@nku.edu）

背景

排球的跳跃负荷是众所周知的。然而，人们对季前排球训练的有氧需求和热量成本及其如何影响肌肉糖原含量的了解还很少。有理由认为，过度的季前训练负荷可能会显着改变肌肉的收缩特性，甚至改变糖原的储存，从而影响性能。因此，本研究的目的是评估热量消耗，心率响应和感知的训练负荷对I类排球运动员整个赛季前期通过高频超声测量的肌肉糖原含量的影响。

材料和方法

在整个季前训练营中，对13名I类女排球运动员（18-22岁）进行了监测，其中包括9天的13次练习。最初，到达校园时要测量身高和体重。然后，每天早晨，当双腿伸直仰卧时，使用高频超声（美国华盛顿州博塞尔的Phillips Lumify L12-4 Transducer）对运动员的右和左股直肌（RF）进行扫描。使用经过验证的MuscleSound®软件（MuscleSound，格伦代尔，CO，美国）对扫描的图像进行分析，以通过检测RF肌肉的灰度超声图像的变化来计算肌肉燃料等级评分（糖原含量）。该软件隔离RF的肌纤维，并计算扫描的平均像素强度（灰度亮度），以创建介于0到100之间的肌肉燃料额定值任意单位（AU）。然后，在每次练习中，运动员都佩戴胸电极心律仪（Polar Team Pro System，Polar Global，Kempele，芬兰）以记录热量消耗，平均心率（HR）_平均）和最大心率（HR _max）。为了提高热量消耗估算的准确性，将来自条件测试的年龄，身高，体重和HR _max输入到Polar软件中。最后，在每次练习结束时，运动员报告他们的RPE，然后将RPE乘以练习持续时间，以得出称为训练RPE（s-RPE）的训练负荷量度。

结果。前向回归分析了卡路里（1699±981 kcal），HR_平均（132±14 BPM），HR _max（184±11 BPM）和s-RPE（1689±942）是否解释了肌肉燃料额定值的变化（42±整个赛季前16 AU）。肌肉燃料评级显着，在实践中与热量消耗负相关（r = -.405，p <0.001）。热量消耗是糖原含量显著预测因子（β = - 0.007，p <0.001），但是，HR_平均（β = -.192，p = 0.102），HR_最大值（β = -.080，p = 0.388），和s-RPE（β = .157，p = 0.273）不是显着的预测指标。

结论

在整个排球季前赛期间监测肌肉燃料额定值（糖原含量）的变化时，热量消耗是一项重要的预测指标。高频超声是一种非侵入性的工具，可以测量糖原含量，并可以帮助从业者客观地监测运动员的营养状况，甚至补水。

泰勒（Taylor K.Dinyer）¹，特拉维斯·伯德（M. Travis Byrd）¹，帕斯夸莱（Pasquale J.Succi）¹，布莱恩·J·华莱士（Brian J.Wallace）²，海莉·伯格曼（Haley C.Bergstrom）¹

¹美国肯塔基州列克星敦市肯塔基大学运动机能与健康促进系；²美国威斯康星大学奥什科什大学运动学系，美国威斯康星州奥什科什

通讯： Taylor K. Dinyer（taylor.dinyer@uky.edu）

背景

3分钟的全面测试提供了有氧（临界功率[CP]）和无氧（厌氧工作能力[AWC]；峰值功率[PP]）能源系统能力以及平均功率输出（平均功率[MP]）的估算值。这项研究的目的是在3分钟的全面测试中检查多成分锻炼前补充剂对有氧和无氧参数的影响。

材料和方法

十三名男性（年龄：22±2岁；身高：177.8±8.0 cm；体重：84.5±12.9 kg）参加了这项双盲，安慰剂对照研究。受试者在自行车测功机上进行了2次单独的3分钟全力测试，阻力设定为体重的4.5％。测试前三十分钟，受试者摄入安慰剂（PL）或补充剂（SUP），其中含有苹果酸瓜氨酸（6g），亮氨酸（4g），天冬氨酸（3g），盐酸肌酸（2g），β-丙氨酸（1.6） g），酪氨酸（1.2g）和无水咖啡因（350mg）。CP是测试的最后30秒（150-180秒）中的平均功率输出，AWC使用以下公式反映了CP之上完成的工作：AWC = 150秒（P ₁₅₀ – CP），其中P ₁₅₀是测试的前150秒的平均功率输出。计算平均功率和PP分别为180秒内的平均功率输出和测试期间达到的最高5秒功率输出。使用单独的成对样本t检验比较在PL和SUP试验之间的α，p≤0.05的CP，AWC，PP和MP。

结果

配对样本t检验表明CP的PL试验和SUP试验之间没有差异（PL：212±32 W; SUP：216±33 W; p = 0.277），AWC（PL：15.0±2.9 kJ; SUP：15.6±3.1） kJ; p = 0.258）和PP（PL：750±136 W; SUP：751±134 W; p = 0.943）。但是，与PL（295±35 W）试验相比，SUP（302±40 W）的MP更大（p = 0.037）。

结论

与PL相比，本研究中检查的多成分锻炼前补充剂并未影响反映特定能量系统的参数（CP，​​AWC或PP），但确实导致了MP的增加。这些影响可能与咖啡因作为腺苷受体拮抗剂的作用有关，并且在3分钟内的努力知觉减弱，这在测试期间较短的时期所定义的有氧和无氧参数（CP，​​AWC和PP）中没有体现。因此，在进行至少3分钟的高强度运动之前摄入锻炼前补充剂可能会降低对工作的感觉，从而可以维持较高的平均功率输出。

致谢

本研究中检查的补充剂由MusclePharm Inc.（MusclePharm，丹佛，CO）提供，安慰剂由True Nutrition（True Nutrition，Vista，CA）提供。

LesLee Funderburk ¹，Jay Yoo ¹，Darryn Willoughby ²

¹美国德克萨斯州韦科，贝勒大学，罗宾斯健康与人文科学学院，家庭与消费者科学；²美国德克萨斯州韦科市贝勒大学罗宾斯健康与人文科学学院，健康，人类绩效与娱乐

通讯： LesLee Funderburk（leslee_funderburk@baylor.edu）

背景

这项研究调查了未经训练的中年妇女补充L-亮氨酸（leu）和抵抗训练（RT）对力量，瘦体重和身体形象的影响。

材料和方法

这是一项随机，双盲，安慰剂对照试验，其中35名未经训练的妇女被随机分配至5 g leu或5 g安慰剂补充组，再加上10周的RT。指导受试者遵循其正常饮食摄入。在基线和研究结束时对自我记录的食物记录进行分析，并将其与通过估算方程计算的每日总能量消耗（TDEE）进行比较，以确定参与者的卡路里摄入量是低热量还是高热量。

结果测量：干预前后评估力量，瘦体重和身体形象。数据通过利用分析单独的2×2 [基团X时间（预测试和后试验）]重复测量和t检验（方差分析阶乘p ≤0.05）。

结果

两组对RT的反应强度均显着增加（p <0.05），但对补充剂无明显作用，而对补充剂的瘦体重无显着增加或差异。两组的身体图像得分均较基线水平显着提高（p <0.05），两组之间无显着差异。基线和研究结束时的总千卡范围为1471至1642 /天，与TDEE相比，表明受试者在饮食分析完成时热量不足。

结论

中年妇女由于RT而使力量明显增加。这是一个重要发现，因为在整个研究中它们被认为是低热量的。自我认知的身体图像在研究结束时得到了改善，大概与力量与补充的增加有关。

David D.Church ¹，Stefan M.Pasiakos ²，Robert R.Wolfe ¹和Arny A.Ferrando ¹

¹阿肯色医学大学衰老与长寿转化研究中心，Donald W. Reynolds衰老研究所老年医学系，美国阿肯色州；²美国陆军环境医学研究所军事营养司，美国马萨诸塞州内蒂克

通讯： David D. Church（dchurch@uams.edu）

背景

外源性睾丸激素（T）施用对肌肉蛋白质合成代谢和瘦体重累积的影响已得到充分确立。通过T施用改善合成代谢的肌肉蛋白动力学机制鲜为人知。口服T类似物或T注射5天后，健康男性的空腹净肌肉蛋白平衡得到改善。在吸收后状态下，全身水平的蛋白质合成（PS）所必需的氨基酸（AA）前体完全来自蛋白质分解（PB）。在某些组织和器官中，PS的前体可源自对循环AA的摄取。响应于T，在吸收后状态的肌肉蛋白合成效率的提高是指相对于PB和向内AA转运速率，PS的速率增加。

材料和方法

我们使用动静脉平衡模型研究了急性T暴露对腿部肌肉蛋白质动力学和选择的AA转运的影响，并直接计算了混合肌肉蛋白质分数合成（FSR）和分解（FBR）速率。在5小时内研究了有无T的四名健康男性；输液速度= 0.25 mg·min ^-1在研究过程中提供30毫克的T。血清中游离睾丸激素的浓度采用市售放射免疫测定法（诊断产品，洛杉矶，加利福尼亚）通过双抗体法测定，测定内CV为2.9％。使用梯形法计算整个输液方案（0至5小时）的曲线下面积（AUC）。数据表示为平均值±SEM。所有变量均通过配对样本t检验进行比较，统计学显着性指定为α≤0.05。

结果

肌肉蛋白FSR，FBR和净蛋白平衡（直接测量和模型推导）不受T的影响，尽管在T注入过程中曲线下方的动脉（p = 0.009）和静脉（p = 0.064）自由T面积显着增加。T注入对AA转运动力学影响很小。

结论

这些数据表明骨骼肌暴露于T不会立即对AA动力学或肌肉合成代谢产生影响。初次给药后，T对骨骼肌蛋白动力学的最早可识别影响尚不确定。

Denise Zdzieblik ^1,2，Patrick Jendricke ¹，Steffen Oesser ²，阿尔伯特。Gollhofer ¹，丹尼尔·柯尼希¹，

¹德国弗莱堡大学运动与体育科学系；² CRI，德国基尔胶原研究所

通讯： Denise Zdzieblik（denise.zdzieblik@cri-mail.org）

背景

慢性踝关节不稳（CAI）在竞技运动员中非常普遍，并且仍然需要更好的治疗方法来预防或治疗这种情况。在先前的研究中，特定的胶原蛋白肽（TENDOFORTE®）被证明可以增强通过Cumberland踝关节不稳定性工具（CAIT）和足踝能力测试（FAAM；德语版）[1]所测量的踝关节功能。 。

这项研究的目的是对Dressler等人的研究数据进行更详细的探索性检查。[1]进一步了解TENDOFORTE®对CAI患者的影响。

材料和方法

统计分析包括来自50名具有CAI（26.9±9.1岁）的男女运动员的数据。在6个月的时间内，参与者接受了5 gTENDOFORTE®或5 g安慰剂（麦芽糖糊精）。另外，要求所有受试者遵循标准化的踝关节负荷方案。在基线（T ₀）和6个月（T ₆）获得了FAAM-G和CAIT问卷。

结果

总体而言，与安慰剂组相比，接受胶原肽组的CAIT和FAAM评分有统计学上的显着提高（p <0.05）。在考虑每个项目时，主要由FAAM分量表“运动”报告了运动方面的改进（图）。除了“采用适当的技术表现”（p = 0.060）外，治疗组所有项目的改善在统计学上均显着大于安慰剂组（p <0.05）。此外，治疗组的CAIT评分在所有项目中均提高了9 – 33％。相比之下，安慰剂组中9种CAIT项目中只有7种改善了2 – 22％。

结论

这些发现表明，每天摄入5 g特定胶原蛋白肽（TENDOFORTE®）与患有慢性踝关节不稳的患者运动相关活动的改善显着相关。

FAAM子量表分数“运动”的百分比变化（n = 50）

全尺寸图片

致谢

作者对此调查的结果既没有经济利益也没有竞争利益。

参考：

1. Dressler，P.，Gehring，D.，Zdzieblik，D.，Oesser，S.，Gollhofer，A.和König，D.在慢性踝关节不稳的运动员中补充特定胶原蛋白肽后功能性踝关节性能的改善。J.体育科学。中 2018 17，298-304。

David D.Church，Arny A.Ferrando和Robert R.Wolfe

¹阿肯色医学大学衰老与长寿转化研究中心，唐纳德·雷诺兹衰老研究所老年医学系，美国阿肯色州

通讯： David D. Church（dchurch@uams.edu）

背景

It is well-established that the essential amino acid (EAA) component of protein is responsible for the stimulation of muscle protein synthesis. Ingestion of free-form EAA produce a robust increase in muscle protein synthesis. In younger subjects, studies have shown that a dose as small as 3g of EAA can stimulate muscle protein synthesis, with a maximal response elicited by ingesting 15g. However, there is a reported anabolic resistance to protein in older populations. Thus, we sought to determine if submaximal doses of free-form EAA would stimulate muscle protein synthesis in older volunteers.

Materials and Methods

Eleven subjects (67 ± 6 (SD) years; 5M: 6F) received 3.6g and 12 subjects (68 ± 5 years; 8M: 4F) received 10.8g of an EAA formula. Subjects were studied for 2 hours in the fasted state and 3 hours after EAA ingestion. Muscle biopsies were taken at 3, 5, and 8 hours after initiation of tracer infusion to determine fractional rate of protein synthesis (FSR). Blood draw were obtained between hours 5 and 8 to calculate the area under the curve (AUC) response for total EAA’s. Data are presented as means ± SD. A group × time repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyze muscle FSR changes. Independent samples t-test were used to analyze AUC measures with statistical significance designated at α ≤ 0.05.

Results

A significant main effect of time (p ≤ 0.001) was observed for muscle FSR with both the 3.6g (0.0568 ± 0.0338%/hr) and the 10.8g (0.0691 ± 0.0412%/hr) increasing from the fasted period to the fed period. However, the increase in the muscle FSR response was not significantly different between the two conditions (p = 0.921). The EAA AUC was significantly greater following the 10.8g (272.7 mol/L/min) as compared to the 3.6g (185.4 mol/L/min).

Conclusions

Despite a significantly higher EAA AUC the muscle FSR response was not significantly enhanced by 10.8g as compared to 3.6g of free-form EAA’s. Therefore, ingestion of 3.8g of free-form EAA’s appears to be a viable way to maximize protein synthesis in elderly subjects.

Emily J Ryan¹, Tareq, Shahbal², Kayla Klett², Jason Edsall³, Andres E. Carrillo³ and Edward J. Ryan³

¹West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; ²Department of Biology, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; ³Department of Movement Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Correspondence: Emily J Ryan (ejfickes@hsc.wvu.edu)

Background

Low Heart Rate Variability is resultant from increased Sympathetic input and/or decreased parasympathetic input and has been associated with an increase in risk of cardiac mortality Caffeine is widely used by recreational athletes to enhance performance. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of a lower dose of caffeine on heart rate variability before and after exercise in recreationally active adults.

Materials and methods

9名看似健康，年轻（23±4岁）的成年人参加了三个单独的实验室会议。在第一次就诊期间，受试者接受了次最大单步跑步机测试，以预测最大耗氧量（VO _2max）。在接下来的两次访问（实验测试）中，受试者在0600到1200小时之间到达运动科学实验室，配有Polar V800心率监测器，静静地坐了10分钟，以进行心率变异性的基线评估。此后，以双盲方式施用两片军用能量胶[咖啡因（CAFF）或安慰剂（PLA）]。指导受试者咀嚼口香糖5分钟，然后吐痰。按照标准的热身，受试者在60％VO走_2MAX20分钟 然后受试者立即坐下来休息30分钟，以评估心率变异性。将RR间隔数据下载到PC上，并通过Kubios HRV Standard软件评估心率变异性指数。

结果

心率变异性指标数据通过2（治疗）乘4（时间）方差分析（ANOVA）进行分析。方差分析表明，治疗的主要作用是增加连续差均方根（RMSSD）（p = .004）。对于所有其他评估指标，均未观察到治疗或通过时间相互作用进行治疗的主要效果（p≥0.110）。

结论

这些数据表明，适度的咖啡因剂量可以改善休闲成年人运动前后的RMSSD。

托马斯D. Cardaci ¹，史蒂芬B. Machek ¹，保罗S.黄某¹，迪伦T.威尔伯恩¹，Emiliya S. SUEZAKI ¹，Darryn S.威洛比¹，FISSN

¹美国德克萨斯州韦科，贝勒大学，罗宾斯健康与人文科学学院，健康，人类绩效与娱乐系运动与生化营养实验室

通讯： Darryn S. Willoughby（darryn_willoughby@baylor.edu）

背景

姜黄素是从姜黄中提取的天然多酚化合物，通常与胡椒碱结合使用（以提高生物利用度）。由于其深厚的抗氧化剂和抗炎特性，姜黄素补充剂在运动员中很受欢迎，可以治疗骨骼肌发炎和迟发性肌肉酸痛（DOMS）。但是，显示姜黄素减弱DOMS能力的数据尚无定论。因此，本研究的目的是研究姜黄素和胡椒碱对运动引起的肌肉损伤后对DOMS的影响。这项研究的第二个目的是研究姜黄素和胡椒碱对运动发作的感知运动（RPE）的影响。

材料和方法

23名具有娱乐活动能力的男性和女性参与者被随机分为两组（姜黄素+胡椒碱[n = 11]；或安慰剂+胡椒碱[n = 12]）。指示两组连续11天食用2g各自的补充剂和20mg胡椒碱。连续八天补充后，参与者在60％VO _2max下执行了45分钟的偏心肌损伤跑步机方案。使用Borg量表（6-20），在肌肉损伤方案中每隔5分钟监测一次RPE。参与者通过在肌肉损伤方案之前和之后，3、24、48和72小时内从0延伸至13（0 =无酸痛，13 =极度酸痛）的连续谱线绘制相交标记来报告DOMS。进行了具有成对比较（DOMS）和独立T检验（RPE）的2x5混合模型ANOVA，显着性设置为P <0.05。

结果

安慰剂+胡椒碱14.72（±1.57）与姜黄素+胡椒碱14.74（±2.16）之间的平均RPE无显着差异（t _（21） = 0.26，p = .979）。在DOMS没有显著差异在任何时间点观察条件之间（˚F _（1,20） = 0.42，P = 0.524，η ² = 0.021）。然而，有对DOMS一个显著时间效应（˚F _（4，20） = 29.6，P <0.001，η ² = 0.597）。成对比较表明，除了运动诱发的肌肉损伤后72小时外，所有时间点的DOMS均明显高于基线（p = .082）。

结论

肌肉损伤方案似乎在运动后3、24和48小时诱导了DOMS，两组之间没有差异。因此，姜黄素和胡椒碱不能减轻参与者的肌肉酸痛感。此外，各组之间模棱两可的RPE表示参与者对肌肉损伤方案的感知劳力没有差异。尽管这些主观指标提供了见识，但更多客观/可衡量的指标可能会建立姜黄素和胡椒碱对骨骼肌损伤的更全面机制。

迪伦T.威尔伯恩¹，托马斯D. Cardaci ¹，史蒂芬B. Machek ¹，保罗S.黄某¹，Darryn S.威洛比¹，FISSN

¹美国德克萨斯州韦科，贝勒大学，罗宾斯健康与人文科学学院，健康，人类绩效与娱乐系运动与生化营养实验室

通讯： Darryn S. Willoughby（darryn_willoughby@baylor.edu）

背景

在过去的一个世纪中，对碳水化合物补充和有氧运动的积极作用进行了广泛的研究。很少有研究认为在进行力竭性运动后补充碳水化合物的性能和恢复反应会发生变化。因此，本研究的目的是研究碳水化合物如何影响抵抗运动能力。

材料和方法

这项研究招募了十名具有至少一年抗性锻炼经验的明显健康的男性个体。平均（±SD）年龄，体重和体脂百分比分别为21（±2.27）岁，90.4（±19.3）kg和20（±8.5）％。第一次就诊包括基线初步测试，以斜腿按压法测定1-RM，恢复30分钟，然后进行四组重复疲劳试验，重复次数为1-RM的70％。疲劳方案的代表包括四组失败，休息45秒。标准化的脚定位和膝盖角度ROM为每个参与者的每次拜访提供了标准。对于第2次和第3次访问，参与者被分为随机，双盲，交叉实验设计，参与者在服用安慰剂或碳水化合物后完成了相同的疲劳缓解试验。在每次访问开始时，参与者摄入了2 g / kg体重的麦芽糖糊精碳水化合物补充剂或无热量，味觉相同的安慰剂，并等待30分钟后再完成四组疲劳试验。在p <.05的显着性水平下进行了2x4重复测量ANOVA和成对样本t检验。

结果

在安慰剂53.8（±7.8）和51.8（±6.9）碳水化合物条件之间，疲劳总次数无显着差异（t _（9） = -1.47，p = .174）。在完成代表无显著差异条件之间看到每个单独的组内（˚F _（1,9） = 2.169，P = 0.175，η ² = 0.194）。但是，有在组之间完成了两种条件代表一个显著差异（˚F _（3,9） = 126.1，P <0.001，η ² = 0.933）。配对比较表明，在两种情况下，除了第3组和第4组外，所有顺序组之间完成的重复次数均显着减少（p = .212）。

结论

完全疲劳后，碳水化合物似乎对抵抗运动表现没有任何影响。类似地，碳水化合物的消耗并没有改变各组之间的恢复，这由条件之间每组内疲劳的总次数相同表示。这表明在力竭性运动中，碳水化合物对性能或急性状态恢复没有任何影响。

凯西·塞克斯顿（Casey L.Sexton），克里斯托弗·G·范恩（Christopher G.Vann），谢尔比·C·奥斯本（Shelby C.Osburn），保罗·罗布森（Paul A.Roberson），卡尔顿·D·福克斯（Carlton D.

奥本大学运动学学院，美国阿拉巴马州奥本

通讯： Michael D. Roberts（mdr0024@auburn.edu）

背景

在训练过程中选择不同的负荷和体积范式，以便改善特定的健身特性，高负荷训练的特征通常是频繁使用超过1RM的85％的负荷，以提高强度。当使用这种大小的负载时，由于PCr路径会出现严重疲劳，因此通常会使用较小的体积，因此，我们预计无脂肪的质量不会随之增加。这项研究的目的是确定10周的高负荷，中量至低量训练对无脂质量变化和估计1RM后蹲的影响。此外，我们试图调查在这种干预后，PRE膝关节伸肌在60度和120度/秒时的峰值扭矩和PRE无脂肪量是否可预测后蹲性能。

材料和方法

16名接受过休闲训练的大学年龄男性完成了为期10周的自我报告，高负荷，中度至低度的训练计划。在PRE和POST训练中，参与者进行了一系列测试，包括生物电阻抗光谱（BIS）确定无脂肪质量，60和120度/秒的等速测功以确定膝盖伸展的峰值扭矩以及3RM后坐力进行估计最大的下半身力量。

结果

PRE的无脂肪质量倾向于与POST的无脂肪质量不同（p = 0.054）。在60度/秒时，PRE膝关节伸展峰值扭矩解释了POST估计的1RM后蹲时方差的31％（r 2 = 0.312，p = 0.025）。PRE膝关节伸肌峰值扭矩在120度/秒时解释了POST估计的1RM后蹲时方差的33％（r 2 = 0.329，p = 0.020）。PRE不含脂肪的物质解释了POST估计的1RM后蹲时方差的37％（r 2 = 0.375，p = 0.012）。

结论

高负荷，中量至低量训练的无脂肪质量似乎没有改变。PRE训练在60和120度/秒时的膝关节伸展峰值扭矩和PRE无脂肪质量可能预示了该人群中POST训练估计的1RM后蹲。

史蒂文·马切克（Steven B.Machek），保罗·黄（Paul S.Hwang），托马斯·卡达奇（Thomas D.Cardaci），埃米莉亚·苏埃基（Emiliya S.

¹美国德克萨斯州韦科，贝勒大学，罗宾斯健康与人文科学学院，健康，人类绩效与娱乐系运动与生化营养实验室

通讯： Darryn S. Willoughby（darryn_willoughby@baylor.edu）

背景

举重是一项杠铃运动，包括下蹲，卧推和硬拉。举重训练和比赛很大程度上取决于直接的能量途径，ATP磷酸肌酸系统可提供三磷酸腺苷（ATP）。在举重比赛中，威尔克斯系数是使体重相对于表现正常化的一种流行且普遍的手段。因此，本研究的目的是1）将与肌酸含量相关的各种标志物与Powerlifter Wilks系数进行比较，以及2）比较这些标志物在性别之间。

材料和方法

招募了十二名积极竞争的Powerlifters（PL; n = 6M / 6F）和十二个久坐的对照（CON; n = 6M / 6F）进行此横截面分析。提供同意书和饮食记录后，受试者捐献约20mL血液，并使用细针抽吸法从股外侧肌经皮穿刺活检。通过多重2x2（组x性别）方差分析（ANOVA）对饮食中的大量营养素，血清总肌酸（STC），相对血清肌酐（rCRT），肌肉总肌酸（MTC）和肌肉肌酸转运蛋白（SLC6A8）进行了分析。 p ＜0.05。使用Pearson相关系数将MTC与Wilks系数进行比较，显着性p <0.05。在趋势显着性的情况下（p <0.10），根据平均威尔克斯系数将PL进一步分为中间（PLI; n = 5）和高级（PLA; n = 7）组。使用3x2（组[PLA，PLI，CON] x性别）和2x2（组[PLA，PLI] x性别）ANOVA分别检测所有组之间以及Powerlifter之间的差异。

结果

对于相对的STC，MTC或SLC6A8，PL和CON之间没有显着的族群，性别或交互作用。血清rCRT在所有三个组中均显示出显着的性别效应（p = 0.009），并且在PLI和PLA之间显着性组（p <0.001），性别（p = 0.004）和相互作用效应（p = 0.013）。总体而言，女性在所有人群中的rCRT均较高，而女性PLI相对于任意性别的PLA的rCRT均较高。皮尔逊相关分析显示，威尔克斯系数与MTC之间无显着性，中度相关性（r = 0.488； p = 0.108）。

结论

这些结果表明肌肉和血清中肌酸的标志物不能预测威尔克斯系数所定义的力量举重表现。总体而言，跨性别和技能的举重表现的差异并不能令人信服地归因于与肌酸代谢相关的生化差异的变化。因此，这些发现暗示了其他生化指标（纤维类型，酶学差异等）和/或神经系统效率突显了Powerlifting技能的变化。

致谢

该海报使用来自OpenPowerlifting项目https://www.openpowerlifting.org的数据。您可以从http://gitlab.com/openpowerlifting/opl-data下载数据副本。

约书亚·凯勒（Joshua L.Keller），特里·霍斯（Terry J.Housh），伊桑·希尔（Ethan C.Hill），科里·史密斯（Cory M.Smith），理查德·施密特（Richard J.Schmidt），格伦·约翰逊（Glen O.Johnson）

内布拉斯加大学林肯分校，营养与健康科学系，人类绩效实验室，美国内布拉斯加州

通讯： Joshua L. Keller（joshua.keller@huskers.unl.edu）

背景

运动营养相关的研究以前已经检查了减轻各种锻炼过程中表现疲劳的能力。此外，以前的研究已经利用RPE钳夹方案来检查有氧运动过程中的增效剂的功效，而不是阻力训练。因此，本研究的目的是研究RPE钳模型的潜在应用以及由于固定在RPE = 5上的持续等距腿部伸展肌肉动作而导致的性别与性能疲劳性的差异。

材料和方法

二十名大学生（10名男性：22.9±2.0岁，180.6±7.3厘米，79.8±8.5公斤，10名女性：23.1±2.3岁，172.5±10.1厘米，77.1±26.6公斤）在RPE = 5时表现出持续的肌肉活动最长持续5分钟。MVIC在持续等距肌肉动作之前（测试前）和之后（测试后）执行。每5％的实际时限（20个总时间点）计算出力值，并将其标准化以对MVIC进行预测试。A 2（性别：男性，女性）×2（测试：前测，后测）混合阶乘方差分析用于检验表现疲劳性的平均差异。回归分析和斜率分析用于检验男性和女性力量下降的模式。

结果

没有显着的（p = 0.28）交互作用，但是对Test（p <0.001; \（{\ upeta} _ {\ mathrm {p}} ^ 2 \） = 0.735）和性别（p = 0.008; \（{\ upeta} _ {\ mathrm {p}} ^ 2 \） = 0.329）。男性（62.9±14.4 kg至48.3±12.9 kg; p <0.001，d = 1.07）和女性（47.3±8.9至36.7）的随访t检验对测力前测验至测验后降低（表现疲劳）的影响显着。 ±5.3千克； p = 0.003，d = 1.45）。此外，男性的预测试MVIC明显高于女性（p = 0.01; d = 1.30）。在持续的肌肉动作过程中，男性（b±SE：-0.13±0.01; r ² = 0.88）的女性的力量下降的线性幅度明显大于女性（-0.10±0.01; r ²）（p = 0.02）= 0.90）。

结论

总之，在RPE = 5的持续肌肉动作过程中，男性比女性更强壮，并且表现出明显的疲劳程度以及比女性更高的表现疲劳率。因此，RPE钳夹提供了一种可行的方法，用于检查各种人体工学助剂的功效及其潜在的相关性别特异性反应。未来的研究应旨在通过使用人为助剂来降低表现疲劳的幅度和/或速率。

致谢

我们要感谢所有主题的参与。

John Paul Anders ¹，Joshua Keller ¹，Cory Smith ²，Ethan Hill ³，Terry Housh ¹，Glen Johnson ¹，Richard Schmidt ¹

¹内布拉斯加州大学林肯分校人文科学系，美国内布拉斯加州；²美国德克萨斯州埃尔帕索，德克萨斯大学埃尔帕索分校，运动科学卫生科学学院；³美国佛罗里达州奥兰多市中佛罗里达大学运动机能学系，运动机能与物理疗法学院

通讯： John Paul Anders（janders@huskers.unl.edu）

背景

疲劳是无法随着时间的推移保持性能。对于运动员而言，成功很大程度上取决于他们减轻疲劳和优化整个任务表现的能力。许多运动补品旨在通过延迟各种锻炼条件下的疲劳过程来改善运动表现。这项研究的目的是检查最大单侧和双侧等速伸腿期间的疲劳特征。

材料和方法

自愿参加本研究的十名男性（X±±SD； 22.9±3.7岁；体重80.4±7.9公斤；身高177.8±6.7厘米）。进行一次熟悉的访问后，受试者在3种不同的情况下至少要间隔48小时访问实验室。预热5次亚最大等速伸腿后，受试者在180̊ ^-1进行2次最大等速伸腿，以确定仅右腿（RO），仅左腿（LO）和双侧的峰值扭矩（PT） （BL），以随机顺序排列。PT评估后，在180̊s ^-1连续50次疲劳疲劳的最大腿伸。每次测试访问都会随机化要在RO，LO或BL条件下执行的疲劳任务。每次重复均归一化为预先疲劳的最高PT值。进行线性回归和斜率系数比较，以确定单侧和双侧条件之间的疲劳率是否存在显着差异。

结果

RO（r ² = 0.94），LO（r ² = 0.96）和BL（r ² = 0.90）的归一化扭矩有显着的线性下降（p <0.001 ）。RO（b = -1.04±0.04）和LO（b = -1.10±0.03）的疲劳率明显高于BL（b = -0.54±0.03）（p <0.001）和LO（b = -1.10 ±0.03）。LO的疲劳率也显着高于RO状态（p = 0.017）。

结论

这项研究的结果表明，与双侧相比，单侧进行的50次最大等速伸腿运动在180̊s ^-1下导致疲劳率提高50（RO）至52％（LO）。未来的研究可以使用这些方法来确定旨在降低疲劳率的补品的人体工程学功效。此外，可以根据最适合代表运动员需求的特定于模式的条件（即单方面或双边）来定制这些调查。

Mathilde Guerville ¹，Marina Fabre ^2,3，Bertrand Mathieu ⁴，CédricLeduc ⁴，Eve Tiollier ²，Matthieu Clauss ²，Alexandre Marchand ⁵，Julien Robineau ⁴，Tanguy Serenari ²，Julien Piscione ⁴，Victoire Visseaux ⁶，Jacqueline Brasy ¹， Pascale Le Ruyet ¹，哈维尔·比加德^2,7

¹研究与开发Lactalis，法国Retiers；²法国，INSEP，Recherche Laboratoire Sport，专门技术和性能（SEP），法国巴黎；³表演部门，巴黎圣日耳曼足球俱乐部，法国圣日耳曼昂莱；⁴法国橄榄球联合会，法国马库斯西斯；⁵法新社，法国巴黎Lutte contre le Dopage；⁶ Lactalis Ingredients USA，美国纽约州布法罗；⁷国际单车联盟，瑞士埃格勒

通讯： Eve Tiollier（eve.tiollier@insep.fr）

背景

这项研究的目的是确定一种包含可溶性牛奶蛋白和碳水化合物的恢复性饮料在模拟橄榄球七次比赛中保持身体机能的作用。

材料和方法

12名训练有素的男性橄榄球运动员在7场橄榄球比赛中通常完成一天的比赛，完成了3场模拟比赛的序列，并相交了2个小时的恢复时间[1]。他们连续3个周末执行相同的协议。每天橄榄球比赛之间的唯一区别是，在每次模拟橄榄球比赛后（两次7分钟半），饮料以交叉双盲方式消费。测试的饮料是安慰剂饮料（PLA，水），碳水化合物饮料（CHO，80克碳水化合物）或等能量的碳水化合物-蛋白质饮料（P-CHO，20克pronativ®和60克碳水化合物）。在第一场比赛之前（PRE）和当天第三场比赛之后（POST）测量身体表现（速度，耐力和力量）。肌肉损伤标记物（特定的肌肉靶向microRNA，在模拟比赛之前和之后的不同时间点（PRE，POST，恢复6小时和12小时后（POST6和POST12）），测量血浆肌酸磷酸激酶（CPK）和通过VAS进行的肌肉疼痛评估。为了评估结果的实际意义，使用基于幅度的推理方法对数据进行了分析[2]。

结果

关于一天结束时的身体表现（PRE-POST），与PLA条件相比，P-CHO条件似乎对30m至50m的跑步速度具有中等至较大的积极影响。CHO条件显示出相似的效果，尽管幅度较小（可能从小到中等的正面效果）。与PLA（较小）相比，POST，CHO和P-CHO饮料可能会提高耐力。就肌肉损伤标志物而言，与PLA（中等）相比，P-CHO饮料可能会减弱POST6观察到的CPK升高。这两个P-CHO和CHO很可能和可能与PLA（中度）相比，POST时分别降低了miR-1（肌肉损伤的标志）的增加。最后，P-CHO饮料减少了在楼梯下降，分别触诊时的疼痛和肌肉疼痛可能和可能的（小）。

结论

这项研究是第一个研究模拟橄榄球7比赛在生态条件下不同类型的恢复饮料的影响的研究。它显示出有兴趣食用一种与水相比包含可溶性牛奶蛋白质和碳水化合物的恢复饮料，以优化全天的身体机能稳定性，并减轻比赛引起的肌肉损伤标志物的增加。

致谢

这项研究得到了法国Lactalis的支持。

参考文献

1. Furlan N，Waldron M，Osborne M，Gray AJ：橄榄球七人制模拟协议的生态有效性和可靠性。诠释J体育生理学执行到2016年，11：749-755。

2. Hopkins WG，Marshall SW，Batterham AM，HaninJ。关于运动医学和运动科学研究的渐进统计。医学科学体育Exerc 2009年，41：3 -13。

埃德加·塔瓦雷斯·达席尔瓦¹，萨米勒·阿莫林·多斯桑托斯¹，艾琳·温蒂辛克·卡里斯¹，格拉齐埃拉·罗莎·拉瓦奇²，罗纳尔多VT·多斯桑托斯³

¹巴西圣保罗联邦大学心理生物学系；²巴西药物管理局胃肠病学系，巴西；³巴西圣保罗联邦大学生物科学系

通讯：埃德加·塔瓦雷斯·达席尔瓦（tavares.silva@unifesp.br）

背景在剧烈的体育锻炼期间和之后，会产生不同的生理和生化反应。这些修饰可能会对免疫和胃肠系统产生负面影响，从而导致短暂的免疫抑制。采用了不同的策略来最大程度地减少剧烈运动造成的损害，例如补充大量和微量营养素。最近的研究评估了补充益生菌对运动员免疫功能和肠道菌群维持的影响。科学证据表明，肠道菌群功能障碍会对免疫反应产生负面影响。这项研究的目的是评估30天补充益生菌对运动员上呼吸道感染症状和马拉松后唾液分布的影响。

材料和方法

向十四名马拉松运动员补充益生菌，其中包括10 x 10  ⁹  CFU的 嗜酸乳杆菌，干酪乳杆菌，乳杆菌，乳双歧杆菌和双歧杆菌双歧杆菌 （n = 07）或安慰剂-玉米淀粉（n = 07）30天。该研究是双盲的，由安慰剂控制。在补充期间之前，比赛开始前24小时，比赛之后立即和比赛之后1小时，收集唾液以测定唾液类型，并使用问卷调查表进行7天的呼吸症状分析。数据的正态性通过Shapiro-Wilk检验进行了检验，从数据的正态分布出发，采用事后Tukey检验的双向Anova检验，采用的显着性水平为p≤5％。

结果

我们的结果表明，与安慰剂组相比，补充益生菌与症状的数量和严重程度较低，恢复时间较短和URTI较低有关。与安慰剂p≤5％相比，在补充治疗的前两天，出现了更多的症状。但是，第三天之后没有显着差异。除此之外，益生菌组在第五天后没有出现任何症状，而在安慰剂组中，URTS的p≤5％显着增加。关于唾液参数，各组之间在IgA浓度，唾液流量和唾液分泌速率方面没有发现显着差异。

结论

我们的研究结果与最近的文献相吻合，表明补充益生菌30天能够减轻剧烈运动所产生的免疫抑制，但是并未发现唾液参数发生显着变化，传统上认为唾液参数对粘膜和皮肤具有免疫保护作用。上呼吸道。因此，我们认为益生菌的免疫调节作用与口腔粘膜的免疫力无关。

致谢

资金支持：FAPESP＃2016 / 25821-5，我们声明研究不存在利益冲突。

Paul S.Hwang ¹，Steven B.Machek ¹，Thomas D.Cardaci ¹，Caelin Kim ¹，Dylan T.Wilburn ¹，Emiliya S.Suezaki ¹和Darryn S.Willoughby ¹，FISSN

¹美国德克萨斯州韦科，贝勒大学，罗宾斯健康与人文科学学院，健康，人类绩效与娱乐系运动与生化营养实验室

通讯： Darryn S. Willoughby（darryn_willoughby@baylor.edu）

背景

已知有氧训练（ET）会引起肌肉内适应，从而导致线粒体生物发生，氧化能力和线粒体功能的升高。吡咯并喹啉醌（PQQ）是一种涉及生理特性的新型补充剂，包括氧化还原调节，细胞能量代谢和线粒体生物发生。由于有氧运动和PQQ表现出相似的线粒体适应机制，因此PQQ可能具有人体工学潜能。但是，没有数据表明人体可以通过运动补充PQQ。因此，本研究的目的是检验为期6周的ET计划与PQQ或安慰剂（PLC）补充剂对未受训练的年轻男性有氧运动的影响。

材料和方法

在一项随机，双盲，安慰剂对照的设计中，未训练的[<3 hr / wk运动，开始研究前> 1年]随机分配18-35岁（n = 23）之间的男性摄入20mg每天一次封装的PQQ（n = 12）或纤维素安慰剂（PLC; n = 11），同时参加有监督的6周ET程序（5天/周）。参与者完成了2次研究访问（基线和ET后6周），并评估了有氧运动指标。参与者在固定式自行车上进行VO ₂峰值测试之前，先摄取了各自的补品。有氧运动性能变量包括VO ₂峰值，呼吸交换比（RER），通气阈值（VT），最大心率（HRmax），通气（VE），VO ₂峰值的VT百分比（VTpercVO_2个峰值）和总测试时间（TT）。对所有标准变量进行了按时间[Pre / Post] ANOVA进行的因子2x2补充[PQQ / PLC] ANOVA（重复测量），显着性水平为p <0.05。

结果

对于所有性能变量，没有时间交互作用的显着补充（p> 0.05）。然而，经过6周的ET，VO2peak（p <0.001），VT（p <0.001），VTpercVO2Peak（p = 0.003），VE（p <0.001）和TT（p <0.001）有了显着改善。此外，与PLC相比，PQQ组的总体RER较低（p = 0.033）。尽管无统计学意义，但PQQ组的ETper的6周ETper VTpercVO ₂峰值平均改善（9.425％）高于PLC（4.551％）（p = .256）

结论

当前的研究表明，与单独进行ET相比，未经培训的男性补充PQQ 6周的ET不能促进有氧运动性能的显着改善。但是，PQQ组中较低的总体RER和较高的VTpercVO ₂峰均值改善表明有氧效率可能得到改善。需要更多的研究来检验PQQ在分子水平上增强线粒体的作用所强调的适应程度。此外，未来的研究应探讨补充PQQ时，训练状态，持续时间，锻炼方式或运动强度的变化是否会引起有利的人体工程学益处。

Joshua L Gills¹, Blake Spliker¹, Abigail Groos¹, Jeffery Rogers¹, Jordan M Glenn^1,2, Michelle Gray¹

¹University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA; ²Neurotrack Technologies Inc., Redwood City, CA, USA

Correspondence: Joshua L Gills (jgills@uark.edu)

Background

Citrulline-Malate (CM) purportedly increases performance through upregulating nitric oxide production (NO), which augments vasodilatory properties. Increased vasodilation leads to greater blood flow and oxygen delivery to working muscles during exercise. During races, cyclists regularly transition from aerobic to anaerobic states as they sprint towards the finish line. However, while several studies have investigated CM supplementation on cycling performance, none have examined this concept of performance benefits during aerobic cycling with subsequent transition to anaerobic cycling performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine effects of acute CM supplementation on aerobic cycling capacity and immediate subsequent anaerobic cycling performance in recreationally active males and females.

Materials and Methods

44 recreationally active (n = 31 males, n =13 females; Vo_2peak = 51.1 ± 10.8 ml•kg^-1•min^-1) subjects (62.0 ± 25.3 kg; 148.4 ± 57.1 cm, 20.8 ± 4.8 years) completed 2 randomized, crossover, double-blind trials consuming CM (8 g dextrose + 8 g CM) or a placebo (8 g dextrose). Prior to supplementation visits, subjects completed a Vo_2peak test and were familiarized to the cycling protocols on separate days. During supplementation trials, participants performed an aerobic time-to-exhaustion cycling protocol (TTE), followed by an immediate 30-second Wingate cycling test. To control for hormonal regulation, females were required to be menstruating during each intervention trial. A 1-week washout was required between trials. No alcohol, caffeine, or vigorous exercise was permitted 24-hours before trials and no food or drink intake was permitted up to 3 hours before trials.

Results

No significant differences in TTE performance time (p = .97) or TWC (p = .87) were observed between supplementation trials. Similar non-significant results were observed when transitioning to immediate anaerobic cycling performance on the Wingate for mean watts (p = .82), peak watts (p = .25), and anaerobic capacity (p = .99). A repeated-measures ANOVA revealed no significant difference between trials for fatigue (p = .65). Finally, independent of supplementation, significant differences (p > .01) were observed between sexes during TTE and Wingate performance for all variables.

Conclusions

随着比赛的开始（即骑手冲刺到终点），从有氧状态自然过渡到无氧状态。但是，在这项研究中，与安慰剂相比，CM的男女性别均没有提高。未来的研究应评估其他补充方案以改善这一转变点，因为它是竞争的关键组成部分。

爱德华H.罗宾逊IV ¹（ehrobinson@meredith.edu）

¹美国北卡罗来纳州罗利市希尔斯伯勒街3800号梅雷迪思学院营养，健康与人类绩效系运动与体育科学

背景

营养和补充经常用于涉及认知表现和能量利用的研究中。在营养研究中确定能量需求通常是确保适当补充或营养处方的重要组成部分。通常与补充和体育锻炼相关的认知能力的组成部分包括意识，压力和注意力的测量。在安静的环境中隔离参与者，有时持续几个小时[1]，以确保认知措施一致并达到真实的静息代谢率是标准做法。迄今为止，关于隔离的实践，很少有研究来确定可能影响脑功能或静息代谢率的阈值参与水平[2]。

材料和方法

23名健康女性（年龄：19.3±0.1岁；体重； 68.87±9.7Kg；身高：162.89±9cm）自愿参加这项研究。在一个60分钟内测量静止代谢率，通过四个随机分配的15分钟测量周期进行跨界设计会议，测量VO ₂和大脑的电活动，其中个人可以在没有外部刺激的情况下放松（BAS），进行自我选择音乐播放列表（MUS），被允许使用技术来阅读社交媒体，而没有声音或视频（SOC），或被要求玩视频游戏（GAM）。使用重复测量方差分析测量结果。

结果

带有Greenhouse-Geisser校正的重复测量方差分析确定了在代谢测量中观察到的显着差异（F（2.511,0.339）= 3.366，p = 0.032）。事后分析显示仅在BAS和GAM之间具有显着性（BAS：3.07±0.1ml / kg / min; GAM：3.3±0.11ml / kg / min，p = 0.022）。在BAS和所有其他测试条件（BAS：26.12±0.35au; SOC：31.86±1.243au，BAS）之间的事后揭示显着性方面，意识测度的差异也显着（F（2.014，282.09）= 12.51，p <0.001）。p＜0.001； MUS：32.46±1au，p＜0.001； GAM：29.63±0.82au，p＝ 0.003）。压力指标（F（1.516，106.6）= 1.541，p = 0.229）聚焦度量也观察到显着差异（F（2.28,507.6）= 21.28，p <0.001）。事后分析仅在BAS和GAM条件之间发现显着性（BAS：41.65±0.9au; GAM：50.6±1.81au，p <0.001）。

结论

这些发现表明，自选音乐或阅读社交媒体不会改变RMR或专注于大学女性。较高水平的参与度，游戏性确实导致新陈代谢活动增加和焦点状态提高。虽然增加参与度并不会影响压力，但是在每个类别中，唤醒都高于BAS。为了获得真正的静息代谢率，可能不需要在测试过程中将个体与所有外部刺激相隔离或加以限制的常规做法，但是，如果需要维持基础认知能力，则仍可能被建议使用。

参考文献

1. 1。

   Gonzalez A，Hoffman J，Wells A，Mangine G，Townsend J，Jajtner A，Wang R，Miramonti A，Pruna G，LaMonica M，Bohner J.含补充咖啡因的延时释放对代谢率，甘油浓度和性能的影响。体育科学与医学杂志。2015年6月； 14（2）：322。

2. 2。

   Compher C，Frankenfield D，Keim N，Roth-YouseyL。适用于成人静息代谢率测量的最佳实践方法：系统综述。美国饮食协会杂志。2006年6月1日； 106（6）：881-903。

卡尔顿·福克斯¹，凯林C.年轻^1,2，克里斯托弗·范恩¹，保罗·罗伯逊A. ¹，谢尔比C.奥斯本¹，乔纳森H.穆尔¹，皮蒂W.芒福德¹，马修A.罗梅罗¹，达伦·贝克^1,2，科迪·豪恩³，安德烈亚斯·卡瓦齐斯^1,2，迈克尔·罗伯茨^1,2

¹美国阿拉巴马州奥本市奥本大学运动学学院；²爱德华·维阿整骨医学学院细胞生物学和生理学系-美国阿​​拉巴马州奥本市奥本校区；³拉格朗日学院，美国乔治亚州拉格朗日

通讯： Carlton D. Fox（cdf0007@auburn.edu）

背景

几位研究人员已寻求分离骨骼肌肌原纤维蛋白用于下游测定。尽管存在各种已公开的方法，但迄今为止，尚无任何研究彻底比较这些方法在蛋白质产量和保真度方面的差异。

材料和方法

本文中，使用五种不同方法从六只雄性Fischer大鼠的20-25 mg腓肠肌分离肌原纤维蛋白。这些方法包括：a）硫氰酸胍-苯酚-氯仿提取（Trizol）方法，b）使用20 mM Tris / 150 mM NaCl / 1.0％Triton-X 100缓冲液的常规细胞裂解（GCL）方法，c）a两步法，其中包括20 mM Tris / 100 mM KCl / 5 mM EGTA / 1.0％Triton-X 100（步骤1）+ 20 mM Tris / 500 mM KCl / 20％甘油（步骤2）（MF方法1）， d）将MF方法1修改为在步骤2中包含50 mM亚精胺（MF方法2），以及e）两步法，其中包括20 mM Tris / 0.5％Triton-X 100（步骤1）+ 0.3 M氢氧化钠（步骤2）（MF方法3）。按照隔离方案，使用比色分光光度法评估总的肌原纤维蛋白浓度。

结果

与其他方法相比，MF方法2和3产生的肌原纤维蛋白浓度更高（p <0.05）。用每种方法对肌原纤维部分进行考马斯染色的SDS-PAGE表明：a）MF方法1和2在43 kD和220 kD产生了较宽的条带；b）MF方法3产生了可能是由于碱性介导的水解作用的全车道涂片； c）GCL在43 kD处产生了一条较宽的条带，但几乎没有条带在220 kD下，d）Trizol方法几乎不产生谱带。在MF方法3的样品上无法进行蛋白质印迹，但与Trizol和GCL方法相比，MF方法2产生的肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白明显更多（p <0.05）。

结论

通过全面的比较分析，我们确定了分离高保真肌浆蛋白和肌原纤维蛋白组分的方法，适用于总蛋白定量，蛋白质印迹和蛋白质组学分析。

布列塔尼N. Bozzini ¹，布里A.麦克法登¹，艾伦J.沃克¹，米歇尔A. ARENT ¹，和Shawn M. ARENT，FISSN ^1,2-

¹美国新泽西州新不伦瑞克省罗格斯大学IFNH健康与人类绩效中心；²罗格斯大学运动与健康系，美国新泽西州新不伦瑞克

通讯： Shawn M. Arent（shawn.arent@rutgers.edu）

背景

在DI NCAA足球比赛整个赛季中，高强度的训练负荷已显示出会诱发女运动员生物标志物的变化，包括压力，炎症和生殖功能的标志。另外，已观察到使用激素避孕药（HC）会导致皮质醇和c反应蛋白升高，因此，使用HCs的运动员可能会加剧这些生物标志物的变化。因此，本研究的目的是比较整个比赛季节使用和不使用HC的女子足球运动员的生物标志物变化。

材料和方法

根据大学女生在赛季开始时的HC使用情况将他们分为两组（HC和对照组[CON]）（HC：N = 10，M_年龄= 19.1±0.9_岁，M _BF％ = 20.0±6.7 ，M _VO2MAX＝ 47.9±3.4ml / kg / min； CON：N ＝ 16，M_年龄＝ 18.9±1.1yrs，M _BF％＝ 19.9± _4.7kg，M _VO2MAX＝ 49.6±4.5ml / kg / min）。在季前赛以及本赛季的第2、4、8和12周抽血。运动员在比赛后18-24小时处于禁食，水合状态的0700-0900h之间到达。总皮质醇（TCORT），游离皮质醇（FCORT），C反应蛋白（CRP），白介素6（IL-6），雌二醇（E ₂），性激素结合球蛋白（SHBG），促卵泡激素（FSH），孕激素（P ₄），总睾丸激素（TTEST）和游离睾丸激素（FTEST）进行了分析。对于每个生物标志物，计算所有采血时间点的曲线下面积，并进行ANOVA，显着性设置为p <0.05。

结果

与CON相比，使用HC的女性运动员在整个比赛季节的TCORT（p <0.01）和CRP（p <0.05）明显更高。在HC组中，也观察到了SHBG升高（p = 0.06）和FTEST降低（p = 0.08）的趋势。整个季节中，所有其他生物标志物（包括FCORT，E ₂，FSH，IL-6，P ₄和TTEST）之间的差异均未显示（p> 0.05）。次要亚组分析显示，与使用宫内避孕器的患者（N = 4）相比，口服避孕药（N = 6）的患者的TCORT显着更高（p <0.05），FSH降低的趋势（p = 0.07）和瘦素升高（p = 0.08）。 ）。

结论

这些结果支持了先前的研究，该研究将HC的使用与皮质醇，CRP和SHBG的增加以及睾丸激素的减少相关。使用HC的女性运动员所承受的压力和炎症生物标志物的水平超过了CON中所经历的水平，这可能表明这些运动员的分解代谢环境恶化。由于高训练负荷和使用HC导致的生物标志物反应增强，也可能表示HC运动员的恢复需求增加。似乎有必要进行进一步研究，以研究更大数量人群中不同类型的HC对应激反应的影响以及对性能和恢复的影响。

致谢

Quest Diagnostics提供的资金

哈利·P Cintineo ¹，Alexa的J.钱德勒¹，戴维·桑德斯¹，艾伦·沃克J. ¹，布里奇特A.麦克法登¹，布列塔尼N. Bozzini ¹，玛丽莎·L.·贝洛¹，摩根S.穆雷¹，罗伯特·摩纳哥²，肖恩·阿伦（Shawn M. Arent），^1.3

¹罗格斯大学IFNH健康与人类绩效中心，美国新不伦瑞克省，新泽西州08901；² Atlantic Health System，莫里斯敦，新泽西州07960，美国；³美国罗格斯大学运动与健康系，美国新泽西州08901

通讯： Shawn M. Arent（shawn.arent@rutgers.edu）

背景

身体成分是运动员健康和表现的关键方面，尤其是在具有美学成分的运动中。高效，易于使用，便携式且价格合理的评估是此人群的理想选择。亮度模式超声（B-US）提供了这些功能，尤其是在测量最少数量的部位时。这项研究的目的是比较以空气体积体积描记法（ADP）为参考的7位，4位和3位修改后的Jackson-Pollock方程。

材料和方法

男性（N = 21; M_年龄= 17.0±1.7 y; M_体重= 62.4±10.4 kg）和女性（N = 28; M_年龄= 15.6±1.3 y; M_体重= 47.8±4.6 kg）舞者抵达实验室避免进食和饮水≥2小时。使用ADP评估体脂百分比（％BF）。接下来，使用B-US在七个部位（胸大肌，肩cap下，肱三头肌，腋下，腋下，腹部和大腿）测量皮下脂肪组织（SAT）。使用改良的Jackson-Pollock 7-（7BUS），4-（4BUS）和3位（3BUS）皮褶厚度（SKF）公式计算％BF。皮尔逊积相关性量化了变量之间的关联，配对样本T检验评估了度量之间的差异。显着性设定为P <0.05。

结果

在所有受试者（r> 0.86； P <0.01）和女性（r> 0.85； P <0.01）中，发现ADP与7BUS，4BUS和3BUS之间存在显着相关性。在男性中，与ADP的最强相关性是7BUS（r = 0.771； P <0.01），而3BUS（r = 0.730； P <0.01）和4BUS（r = 0.488； P = 0.025）较弱。在所有受试者中，所有B-US％BF值彼此相关（r> 0.96； P <0.01）。在女性中，ADP显着低于7BUS和3BUS（p <0.01），并接近4BUS（p = 0.081）。但是，男性仅3BUS显着高于ADP（P <0.01）。仅在整个样本和女性中，7BUS显着高于4BUS且显着低于3BUS（P <0.01）；4BUS显着低于3BUS（P <0.01）。男性遵循这种模式，

结论

这些发现支持在青少年女舞者中使用7位，4位和3位BUS。尽管在7位患者中与ADP的相关性最高，但在这些人中3位BUS可能是最省时的方法。尽管男性的ADP，7BUS和4BUS之间无显着差异，但较弱的相关性表明这种评估％BF的方法可能不合适。这些结果可以通过男性比女性更少的SAT来解释。因此，组织之间的差异和BUS的整体解释可能更容易出现实验者错误，尤其是在较瘦的个体中。尽管有很强的相关性，但7BUS，4BUS和3BUS之间的显着差异进一步支持以下想法：SKF方程可能不适用于美国，应开发特定于美国的方程。

布里奇特·麦克法登¹，布列塔尼·博齐尼¹，艾伦·沃克¹，大卫·桑德斯¹，克里斯托弗·奥德韦¹，米歇尔·阿伦特¹，肖恩·阿伦特，费森^1,2

¹ 美国新泽西州新不伦瑞克省罗格斯大学IFNH健康与人类绩效中心；²美国新泽西州新不伦瑞克省罗格斯大学运动机能与健康系

通讯： Shawn M. Arent（shawn.arent@rutgers.edu）

背景

运动中的相对能量缺乏症的特征在于能量摄入（EI）不足，无法支持实现最佳健康和表现所必需的各种身体功能。能源可用性（EA）将EI与运动能源支出（EEE）有关。当前缺乏能轻松检测能量状态的方法，但生物标志物在检测由于训练和营养引起的生理变化方面显示出了希望。这项研究的目的是在季前赛中结合女运动员的身体成分和生物标志物变化评估EA。

材料和方法

在整个两周的季前赛中，对女子DI高校足球运动员（N = 26； M_体重= 65.78±6.5kg）进行了监测。在季前赛开始之前（T1）和季后赛之后（T2）通过Bodpod评估身体成分，以确定无脂肪质量（FFM）和体脂百分比（％BF）。在T1和T2抽血。运动员在0700-0900h之间处于禁食和水合状态。总皮质醇（CORT），生长激素（GH），胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1），催乳激素（PRL），脂联素（ADIP），瘦素（LEP），三碘甲腺嘌呤（T ₃），甲状腺素（T ₄），并分析了促甲状腺激素（TSH）。使用Polar TeamPro系统在所有练习过程中对球员进行监控，以确定EEE。通过3天（周四至周六）饮食食物日志来跟踪热量摄入。EA使用公式（EI _AVG -EEE _AVG / FFM）计算。首先将玩家分为“低” EA（< 30 kcal / FFM； n = 17）和“普通” EA（> 30 kcal / FFM，n = 9）。使用> 40 kcal / FFM（n = 10），25-40 kcal / FFM（n = 12）和<25 kcal / FFM（n = 4）截止值进行二级分析来对玩家进行分层。进行单因素随访的RM MANOVA，显着性设定为P <0.05。

结果

从T1到T2的FFM增加具有明显的时间效应（P <0.05），但是％BF或FFM组之间无差异（P> 0.05）。从T1到T2，TSH降低（P <0.05），GH升高（P = 0.099），PRL降低（P = 0.087）。对于任何分析的生物标志物，两组之间均无差异（P> 0.05）。此外，在次要分析中，没有发现任何生物标志物的组间差异（P> 0.05）。

结论

选择的生物标志物所见的时间效应表明，在短期的，浓缩的季前期间，高EEE期间可测量的变化。但是，EA组之间没有发现生物标志物的差异。此外，尽管只有4名球员属于“最佳” EA类别，但各组之间在季前赛中的FFM有所增加。这表明需要进行长期评估宏观营养素含量和能量状况以及EA对生物标志物和人体组成的影响的研究。

致谢

Quest Diagnostics支持的资金

玛丽莎·贝洛¹，大卫·桑德斯¹，艾伦·沃克¹，布里奇特·麦克法登¹，哈里·辛蒂诺¹，布列塔尼·博齐尼¹，摩根·默里¹，威廉·G·马尔多纳多¹，米歇尔·A 。ARENT ¹，肖恩M. ARENT FISSN ^1,2-

¹美国新泽西州新不伦瑞克省罗格斯大学IFNH健康与人类绩效中心；²罗格斯大学运动与健康系，美国新泽西州新不伦瑞克

通讯： Shawn M. Arent（shawn.arent@rutgers.edu）

背景

平衡训练和恢复能力对于各个年龄段的人的运动表现都至关重要。适当的营养在促进恢复和优化性能方面起着重要作用；但是，青春期舞者的研究很少。这项研究的目的是观察整个表演季中高级青年舞者的营养生物标志物和表演的变化。

材料和方法

高水平青年舞者（男性：N = 10，M_年龄= 16.36±1.6yrs，M_体重= 62.12±10.07kg;女性：N = 14，M_年龄= 15.43±1.3yrs，M_体重= 47.86±4.71kg）在表演季之前（T1）和随后的每四个星期（T2-T5）参加抽血。铁（Fe），总铁结合能力（TIBC），铁饱和百分比（％Sat），omega-3脂肪酸（OMG3），omega-6：omega-3比例（OMG63），维生素B ₁₂（VitB ₁₂） ，叶酸和维生素D（VitD）进行了分析。在赛季前和赛后进行了性能测试，以通过BodPod，垂直跳动（VJ）和有氧适应性（VO _2max）。进行了具有单变量随访的RM-ANOVA，以分析生物标志物的变化和性能随性别的变化以及各性别之间的变化。显着性设定为P <0.05。

结果

％Sat（P = 0.027）和Fe的趋势（P = 0.056）有明显的性别间相互作用。其他任何生物标志物均未观察到性别差异（P> 0.05）。在研究过程中，％Sat的男性显着增加（P <0.05），而在T3和T5的VitB ₁₂降低，在T4的情况下升高（P <0.05）。女性的Fe和％Sat明显降低（P <0.05），而叶酸的变化与男性的VitB ₁₂相似（P <0.05）。男性的VJ在整个季节显着增加（P <0.05），女性没有显着变化。两种性别随时间推移均未观察到身体组成或VO _2max的显着变化（P> 0.05）。

结论

生物标志物的变化可能表明青年舞蹈演员在表演季节中营养状况发生了变化。Fe和％Sat的按时间交互作用表明，与男性相比，女性患铁缺乏症的风险更大。尽管VitD的变化不显着，但重要的是要注意所有值均保持低于临床范围，并被归类为不足。因此，在该人群中补充VitD以及对女性补充Fe可能是有益的，尤其是在进行大量训练时。总体而言，尽管营养生物标志物有所波动，但在测试前和测试后，人体成分和性能并未受到不利影响。有必要对大量的青年舞蹈演员进行进一步的研究，以支持这些发现对营养的补充及其对表演的影响。

致谢

资金由Quest Diagnostics提供。

Traci A McCarthy ¹，Bridget A.McFadden ¹，Brittany N.Bozzini ¹，Alan J.Walker ¹，Michelle A.Arent ¹，Shawn M.Arent，FISSN ^1,2

¹美国新泽西州新不伦瑞克省罗格斯大学IFNH健康与人类绩效中心；²美国新泽西州新不伦瑞克省罗格斯大学运动机能与健康系

通讯： Shawn M. Arent（shawn.arent@rutgers.edu）

背景

高校运动员面临压力重重的季节，训练负荷大，恢复能力下降和饮食习惯改变。充足的营养对于整个季节促进恢复和保持体力至关重要。这项研究的目的是研究整个DI NCAA女子足球赛季的蛋白质或碳水化合物补充剂的中期干预对合成代谢和分解代谢生物标志物的影响。

材料和方法

大学女子足球运动员（N = 30； M_年龄= 19.3±1.1岁）在季前赛开始之前（T1）和整个赛季每28天（T2-T4）参加抽血活动。比赛后18-24小时，运动员在0700-0900h之间禁食并抽水充血。生长激素（GH），胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1），游离皮质醇（FCORT），总皮质醇（TCORT），孕酮（PRG），白介素6（IL-6），催乳素（PRL），评估肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）。补充干预发生在季节的中点（T3-T4）。除正常饮食外，受试者随机分配每天补充40g /天的乳清蛋白（PRO; N = 6）或碳水化合物（CHO; N = 8）。坚持补充<20％研究的受试者作为对照（CON； N = 9）。

结果

从T1-T3到GH和FCORT升高，TNF-α和IGF-1降低具有显着的时间主效应（P <0.05），以及PRG升高的趋势（p = .091）。在补充干预之前，没有发现任何生物标志物的显着组别差异。在干预期间（T3-T4），TCORT的降低具有显着的时间效应（P <0.05）。干预后各组之间未观察到生物标志物的显着差异（P> 0.05），但IL-6出现逐组相互作用的趋势（P = 0.077）。图形趋势表明PRO对GH，皮质醇，TNF-α和IL-6有适度的益处。

结论

整个季节观察到的生物标志物的波动可能反映了该季节积累的压力。膳食补充剂可能有助于抵消这些变化以及适当的恢复。尽管各组之间没有差异，但观察到的PRO模式可能表明，大量营养素（不仅仅是补充卡路里）可能是应对季节压力的重要考虑因素。进一步研究在更长的时间内在更大的人群中进行补充可能会为首选的大量营养素提供见解，以提高恢复能力。另外，对运动员的营养状况进行分类可能有助于进一步明确影响。

致谢：由Quest Diagnostics支持的资金，特别感谢Milk Specialty Global，Dymatize Nutrition和禁用物质控制组（BSCG）

Alexa的J.钱德勒¹，戴维·桑德斯¹，哈利·P·Cintineo ¹，摩根S.穆雷¹，布列塔尼N. Bozzini ¹，玛丽莎·L.·贝洛¹，艾伦·沃克J. ¹，布里奇特A.麦克法登¹，罗伯特·摩纳哥²，肖恩M. ARENT，FISSN ^1,3-

¹ 美国新泽西州新不伦瑞克省罗格斯大学IFNH健康与人类绩效中心，美国08901；² Atlantic Health System，新泽西州莫里斯敦，新泽西州，07960，美国；³美国新泽西州新不伦瑞克省罗格斯大学运动学和健康系，美国08901

通讯： Shawn M. Arent（shawn.arent@rutgers.edu）

背景

振幅（AUS）和亮度模式（BUS）超声是廉价的便携式体脂百分比（％BF）评估设备。但是，与其他基于实验室的技术（例如，空气体积体积描记法（ADP），生物电阻抗（BIA））相比，使用这些工具进行的研究受到限制。因此，本研究的目的是评估与ADP相比，通过AUS，BUS和BIA进行％BF评估的有效性。

材料和方法

二十名青少年舞蹈演员（M_年龄= 16.8±1.7； M _BMI = 19.5±1.9）通过ADP，BIA，AUS和BUS进行了％BF测试。使用AUS和BUS在7个位置对受试者进行了测量。使用修正的Jackson-Pollock方程确定％BF，无脂肪质量（FFM）和脂肪质量（FM）。皮尔逊乘积矩相关性用于确定度量之间的关系。进行了相关的t检验，以分析总样本与每种性别之间的差异（男性：n = 7；女性：n = 13）。显着性设定为P <0.05。

结果

在所有受试者中，％BF和FFM与所有设备的ADP高度相关（BUS _％BF r = 0.908； AUS _％BF r = 0.87； BIA _％BF r = 0.879； BUS _FFM r = 0.994； AUS _FFM r = 0.989； BIA _FFM r = 0.980； P <0.05）。在女性中，来自所有设备的％BF和FFM与ADP密切相关（BUS _％BF r = 0.947； AUS _％BF r = 0.926； BIA _％BF r = 0.905； BUS _FFM r = 0.957； AUS _FFM r = 0.907； BIA _FFM r = 0.977； P <0.05）。在男性中，ADP _％BF与AUS _％BF呈中等程度的强相关性（r = 0.757； P <0.05），并且BUS呈趋势_％BF（r ＝ 0.722，P ＝ 0.068）。但是，ADP _FFM与所有男性设备都紧密相关（BUS _FFM r = 0.990； AUS _FFM r = 0.980； BIA _FFM r = 0.910）。依赖t检验揭示朝向显著更高BIA趋势_％BF相比ADP _％BF（P = 0.073），但ADP之间没有差异_％BF和AUS _％BF（P = 0.949）或BUS _％BF（P = 0.199）。在女性中，ADP _FFM显着高于BUS _FFM（P = 0.024），并且ADP _％BF高于BUS _％BF趋于显着（P = 0.071）。两种性别的％BF或FFM没有其他差异。

结论

超声和BIA在女性舞蹈演员（而非男性）中似乎是有效的％BF工具。在BIA和US中，与％BF相比，FFM之间的相关性更强，这表明在青年运动员中，FFM比使用这些设备的％BF更可靠。这可能是由于设备之间的FM和FFM的细微差异的组合所致，导致明显的％BF差异，尤其是在非常瘦的运动员中。但是，由于能够进行区域性FFM分析，因此在成熟过程中产生更精确的测量结果，超声可能比ADP和BIA具有更高的收益。设备之间的性别差异需要进一步调查，因为ADP _FFM之间存在显着差异 尽管女性之间具有很强的相关性，但与男性相比，男性中所有变量的相关性都较弱。

戴维·桑德斯¹，Alexa的J.钱德勒¹ _，玛丽莎·L.·贝洛¹，艾伦·沃克J. ¹，布里奇特A.麦克法登¹，哈利·P·Cintineo ¹，布列塔尼N. Bozzini ¹，摩根S.穆雷¹，米歇尔。ARENT ¹，肖恩M. ARENT FISSN ^1,2-

¹美国新泽西州新不伦瑞克省罗格斯大学IFNH健康与人类绩效中心；²罗格斯大学运动与健康系，美国新泽西州新不伦瑞克

通讯： David J. Sanders（d.sanders@rutgers.edu）

背景

生物标志物监测能够评估单个运动员对训练的生理反应。目前，对精英，青少年艺术运动员（例如舞者）的研究是有限的，特别是在整个表演季节中生物标志物的变化方面。这项研究的目的是评估整个表演季节内与压力相关的生物标志物的变化，并确定高级芭蕾舞演员与男性芭蕾舞演员之间的差异。

材料和方法

男性（n = 9; M_年龄= 17.2±1.2yrs; M_身高= 183.5±6.4cm; M_体重= 64.5±8.7kg）和女性（n = 10; M_年龄= 15.8±14yrs; M_身高= 166.1±3.9厘米； M_重量= 49.7±3.3kg）高级芭蕾舞演员在表演季节开始之前（T1），然后每4周（T2-T5）参加抽血。总皮质醇（CortT），游离皮质醇（CortF），总睾丸激素（TestT），游离睾丸激素（TestF），雌二醇（E2），促卵泡激素（FSH），孕激素（Prg），催乳激素（Prl），性激素评估了结合球蛋白（SHBG），肌酸激酶（CK）和白介素6（IL-6）。进行了具有单变量随访的RM-ANOVA，以分析生物标志物的变化与性别的关系以及各性别的变化。显着性设定为P <0.05。

结果

仅FSH发现显着的按性别的交互作用（P = 0.036）。在E2，TestT，TestF，FSH，SHBG和CK中发现组主要效应（P <0.05）。在CortF，CK和IL6中发现了时间主效应（P <0.05）。IL6在所有时间点均显着高于基线，在T4时差异最大。从T1到T5，男性的CortF，Prg和CK显着下降（P <0.05）。在女性中，从T1到T5有FSH降低的趋势（P = 0.06），从T2到T5有显着差异（P <0.05）。从T1到T5，男性和女性的IL-6明显增加（P <0.05）。在T5时，男性的SHBG显着大于T1（P <0.05）。

结论

生物标志物的变化可能表明在整个季节中生理压力和/或营养不足。性别之间观察到不同的反应，女性中的破坏更大。FSH的按时间交互作用仅表明女性舞者HPG轴受到干扰，因为FSH的下降与E2的无明显下降相吻合。潜在地，这可能导致观察年轻女运动员的原发性或继发性闭经。在男性中，SHBG显着增加，但TestT和TestF无明显增加。因此，HPG轴功能在年轻的男性舞蹈演员中似乎是正常的。有趣的是，在预定的T4演出之前，IL-6在两性中最高，这可能是由于彩排时间增加所致。

致谢：资金由Quest Diagnostics提供。

Emiliya S. Suezaki，Paul S. Hwang，Steven B. Machek，Thomas D. Cardaci，Caelin Kim，Dylan T. Wilburn和Darryn S. Willoughby，FISSN

¹美国德克萨斯州韦科，贝勒大学，罗宾斯健康与人文科学学院，健康，人类绩效与娱乐系运动与生化营养实验室

通讯： Darryn S. Willoughby（darryn_willoughby@baylor.edu）

背景

吡咯并喹啉醌（PQQ）是与生理过程有关的新型补品，涉及改善线粒体介导的能量代谢。作为一种运动模拟，PQQ与有氧运动相结合可协同调节线粒体的生物发生，从而刺激更多的能量产生和脂肪代谢。因此，PQQ可能增强强度，持续时间和生物能，从而最终导致更有利的身体组成。但是，缺乏关于与有氧运动结合使用PQQ的补充数据及其对身体成分的影响。因此，本研究旨在检查在进行了为期6周的有氧运动训练计划（ET）的年轻未经训练的男性中补充PQQ后的身体成分。

材料和方法

在一项随机，双盲，安慰剂对照的设计中，未经训练的[开始研究前<3小时/周，运动> 1年]随机分配18-35岁（n = 23）之间的男性每天摄入20mg参加有监督的为期6周的ET程序（5天/周）时，服用封装的PQQ（n = 12）或纤维素安慰剂（PLC; n = 11）。参与者完成了2次研究访问（基线和ET后6周），并评估了身体成分。参与者在VO ₂之前摄取了各自的营养补充品固定自行车的峰值测试。通过DEXA评估身体组成。身体成分指标包括瘦体重，脂肪量和体脂百分比。对所有标准变量进行时间[Pre / Post] ANOVA因子乘以2x2补充[PQQ / PLC]，并进行重复测量，显着性p <0.05。

结果

对于所有变量，组和时间之间没有显着的交互作用（p> 0.05）。但是，瘦肉质量存在主要时间效应（p = 0.004）。成对比较显示，不管组别如何，瘦体重的增加都更大。脂肪量（p = 0.113）或体脂百分比（p = 0.073）没有主要的时间影响。但是，PQQ和PLC分别减少了1.033千克和0.182千克，无明显下降。

结论

从结果可以看出，与PLC相比，PQQ补充结合六周的有氧运动不能引起人体成分的有利改善。尽管未达到显着性，但PQQ组中较大的脂肪减少量表明，持续时间较长的训练方案可能会带来更大的改善。另外，身体成分的任何改善可能是由于基线肌肉质量低和重新训练状态。

凯蒂R.赫希^1,2，加布里埃尔J.布鲁尔¹，玛利亚MN蓝^1,2，奥斯汀M. Peterjohn ¹，阿比E.史密斯瑞恩^1,2-

¹美国北卡罗来纳州教堂山的北卡罗来纳大学运动与运动科学系应用生理实验室；²北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校联合健康科学系人体运动科学课程，美国

通讯： Abbie E. Smith-Ryan（a​​bbsmith@email.unc.edu）

背景

最近开发的3D人体扫描仪使用红外成像技术来创建全身模型，并使用算法预测模型从该全身模型中计算出整体和局部人体成分。但是，缺乏针对多室实验室标准的直接验证。这项研究的目的是双重的：1）比较正常体重成年人从3D人体扫描仪获得的身体成分测量结果与从双能X线骨密度仪（DXA）获得的测量结果进行比较，以及2）验证获得的身体成分测量结果从3D人体扫描仪针对黄金标准的四格（4C）人体成分模型。

材料和方法

67位年轻成年人的身体成分（体脂百分比[％BF]，脂肪质量[FM]，瘦肉质量[LM]）（男性= 22；女性= 45；平均值±SD：年龄：20.6±1.1岁；身高：168.9）通过以下方法测量：± 9.9cm ；重量：64.8±9.1kg； BMI：22.6±2.0kg·m ^-2）：1）360°全身3D扫描（Styku）；2）全身DXA扫描（GE iDXA）和；3）4C模型（Wang等人），利用生物电阻抗光谱法测定的全身水，空气体积体积描记法测定的人体体积和DXA测定的骨矿物质。总误差（TE）和估计的标准误差（SEE）用于评估整个组与DXA和4C相比的3D预测误差。

结果

与DXA相比，3D％BF（平均差异±SD：0.1±4.4％），FM（0.1±2.9 kg）和LM（0.5±3.0 kg）无显着差异（p> 0.05）；对于％BF（TE = 4.4％; SEE = 4.3％），FM（TE = 4.4 kg; SEE = 3.5 kg）和LM（TE = 3.0 kg; SEE = 3.0 kg），预测误差被认为是相当不错。与4C模型相比，3D扫描显着高估了％BF（4.3±5.3％）和FM（2.6±3.5 kg）和低估了LM（5.8±3.8 kg）（p <0.001）; ％BF（TE = 6.7％; SEE = 5.2％），FM（TE = 4.4 kg; SEE = 3.5 kg）和LM（TE = 7.0 kg; SEE = 3.7 kg）的预测误差被认为很差。

结论

从3D人体扫描仪获得的人体成分估算值可以认为与DXA估算值相当，％BF估算值在±4％的脂肪范围内。但是，与黄金标准4C人体成分模型相比，3D人体扫描显着高估了正常体重的％BF（+ 6.7％）和FM（+4.4 kg），而LM（-7.0 kg）则低估了个人。需要进一步的验证以完善预测能力并改善正常体重个体的3D扫描仪人体成分估计。

Kaila Vento，Kelli Reese，Floris Wardenaar

美国亚利桑那州坦佩市的亚利桑那州立大学

通讯： Kaila Vento（kvento@asu.edu）

背景

营养补充剂在运动中很常见，并且具有增强运动表现的潜在好处。学生运动员对补品的了解可能会影响他们的态度和使用方式。补充知识不足会导致消费不安全的产品和使用兴奋剂，从而对运动资格和健康产生负面影响。随着人们对营养补品的关注越来越多，营养补品是提高生产性能的简便方法，这些补品的可及性以及摄入不良产品的风险都会增加。因此，本研究的目的是为了更好地理解运动员在NCAA第一类学生运动员中使用营养补充剂与自我报告的知识和态度的观点。

材料和方法

西南一类大学的女运动员（65％的女性；年龄：19.8±1.6岁）在过去的12个月中完成了有关营养补充知识，态度和使用情况的调查问卷。问卷的补充知识部分包括来自经验证的GSNK问卷的12个问题。

结果

补充知识得分平均为27±16％。五点量表的感知补充知识平均为2.5±0.8（范围； 1-5）。当分类为低或高的补充剂态度与低中等高知识分数，被分类[间没有检测到差异χ ²（2）= 0.538，p= 0.80]。在过去的12个月中，三种报告最多的饮食（N = 138）和人体工学补充剂（N = 125）是多种维生素和矿物质补充剂（65％），单一维生素或矿物质（64-63％），咖啡因（63％），酸樱桃（39％）和益生菌（32％）。NCAA禁止的补品或不建议使用的补品（麻黄、,藜，DHEA和初乳）在报告的补品中较低（13-14％）。没有发现补充知识和使用之间的显着相关性。发现向NCAA不允许的补充剂态度和知识之间没有显著的关系，除了B-丙氨酸[χ ²（2）= 13.38，p = 0.002]和肌酸[χ ²（2）= 7.731，p[= 0.021]，表明在感知和自我报告的知识水平较低时，学生运动员的使用率较低。

结论

自我报告的补充知识测验分数以及对自己的知识的认知程度均较低，但与运动员先前的报告相当。通常，补品知识和认知知识与使用无关，需要某些NCAA不允许的补品。尽管很少使用禁用或不推荐的营养补充剂，但尽管有法规和缺乏科学依据，一些学生运动员仍将这些补充剂用于提高工作表现。

致谢

这项研究部分由亚利桑那州立大学的研究生和专业学生协会运动研究资助。

Guillermo Escalante ¹，Erika Arteaga ¹，Julio Mora ¹，Jessica Heredia ¹，Alexandra Khartabil ¹，Jason Hernandez ¹，Amanda Maravi ¹，Yadira Marin ¹

美国加利福尼亚州圣贝纳迪诺，加利福尼亚州立大学圣贝纳迪诺运动学系

通讯： Guillermo Escalante（gescalan@csusb.edu）

背景

生物阻抗谱（BIS）和A型超声（US）通常用于估计人体成分。BIS根据组织的物理质量使用电导率的差异预测身体成分；因此，组织中水和电解质含量的变化可能会改变电导率并在人体成分估算中产生误差。相反，US在​​组织中发送超声波，并且在不同组织类型（例如脂肪肌肉）的边界发生强烈反射。记录反射信号并用于估计各个部位的皮下脂肪厚度，并且水合水平对人体成分的估计影响最小。由于据报道体质竞赛者在竞赛之前实施脱水做法，在比赛前一天，BIS的人体成分估算可能对该人群不准确。这项研究在比赛前一天评估了体质竞争者的水合状况，并比较了BIS和美国身体成分的估计值。

材料和方法

十名业余男性体格竞赛者（年龄= 30.0 +/- 5.8岁，身高= 1.72 +/- .08 m，体重= 76.4 +/- 7.6 kg）自愿参加了这项研究。身高和体重用电子秤和标准测距仪测量。根据制造商推荐的指导原则，使用BIS设备（SFB7，ImpediMed，美国加利福尼亚州卡尔斯巴德）和美国设备（BodyMetrix，IntelaMetrix，美国布伦特伍德，加利福尼亚州）对人体脂肪进行了估算。使用杰克逊-波洛克（Jackson-Pollock）3位公式，根据人体密度预测方程，根据美国设备确定的胸部，腹部和大腿的皮下脂肪测量值，估算人体成分。参与者还提供了尿液样本，以使用折光仪确定尿的比重。

结果

BIS和US的体脂百分比测量分别为14.2±5.1和7.2±2.4。t检验表明，设备之间的身体成分存在统计学上的显着差异（p = 0.003）。参与者的平均SG为1.019±0.011，表明轻度脱水。

结论

当个人未处于水合状态时，BIS可能不是用于测量身体成分的理想工具，就像在比赛前一天的体质竞赛者一样。在使用BIS来确保水合作用之前测量SG可能是实现最大准确性的良好实践。

吉列尔莫·埃斯卡兰特（Guillermo Escalante），埃里卡·阿尔塔加（Erika Arteaga），杰西卡·埃雷迪亚（Jessica Heredia），亚历山德拉·哈塔比尔（Alexandra Khartabil），大卫·霍华德（David Howard）

美国加利福尼亚州圣贝纳迪诺，加利福尼亚州立大学圣贝纳迪诺运动学系

通讯： Guillermo Escalante（gescalan@csusb.edu）

背景

体格竞赛的运动员必须达到低脂肪水平，同时保持尽可能多的瘦体重，以使其运动成功。缺乏对体能选手准备比赛时使用的阻力和心血管训练的原理和方法的研究。这项研究通过对竞争前一天进行的回顾性调查，调查了当季男性体质竞争者的抵抗力和心血管训练方法。此外，评估了身体组成，身高和体重。

材料和方法

十名业余男性体格竞赛者（年龄= 30.0 +/- 5.8岁，身高= 1.72 +/- .08 m，体重= 76.4 +/- 7.6 kg）自愿参加了这项研究。在评估身高，体重和身体组成之前，通过发送到Qualtrics.com上的手机的在线调查亲自填写了一项全面调查，询问有关过去30天训练的具体问题。身高和体重用电子秤和标准测距仪测量。根据制造商推荐的准则，使用A型超声设备（美国）（BodyMetrix，IntelaMetrix，布伦特伍德，加利福尼亚州，美国）估算人体脂肪。使用杰克逊-波洛克（Jackson-Pollock）3位公式，根据人体密度预测方程，根据美国设备确定的胸部，腹部和大腿的皮下脂肪测量值，估算人体成分。

结果

美国的体脂百分比测量值为7.2±2.4。表1总结了体质竞争者的抵抗力和心血管训练实践。

结论

Physique竞争对手遵循各种阻力训练和心血管训练方法，以在尝试维持自己的无脂肪量的同时达到较低的体内脂肪水平。我们的研究结果表明，需要更多的研究来研究改善身体组成所必需的最佳方法。我们的研究进一步表明，目前尚未实施改善身体成分的循证原则。

全尺寸表

迭戈A.博尼利亚^1,2，萨尔瓦多·巴尔加斯^3,4，豪尔赫·L·佩特罗^2,5，拉蒙·罗曼斯⁴，曼努埃尔·加西亚³，布拉德·斯科恩费尔德⁶，理查德·B·克雷德⁷费森，哈维尔·贝尼特斯·波尔雷斯⁴

¹巴斯克地区大学科学技术学院遗传学系（UPV / EHU），西班牙Leioa 48940；² DBSS研究部，哥伦比亚波哥大110861；³ EADE-威尔士三一大学圣大卫分校，西班牙马拉加29017；⁴马拉加大学人体动力学和身体成分实验室，西班牙马拉加29010；⁵哥伦比亚科尔多瓦大学体育活动，体育与健康科学研究小组，哥伦比亚蒙特雷亚230002；⁶美国纽约市雷曼学院健康科学系，美国纽约10468；⁷德州农工大学人类临床研究设施运动与运动营养实验室，美国德克萨斯州大学城77843

通讯： Diego A. Bonilla（dabonilla@g-se.com）

背景

据报道，肌酸一水合物（CrM）补充与阻力训练相结合可以改善身体成分和肌肉力量。已经提出了基于群集的阻力训练（CT），其中涉及插入组内停顿（IP），作为增强训练适应性的一种方法。这项研究的目的是确定补充CrM并结合食用高蛋白饮食是否会增强CT的影响，从而促进下肢（LL）的无脂脂肪（FFM）和肌肉力量的更大改善。

材料和方法

二十四名接受抵抗运动训练的志愿者（25.9±8.1岁，176.4±7.0 cm，75.6±8.9 kg体重）参加了这项研究。受试者被分为三组之一：CT和CrM（0.1 g / kg / d）+牛肉蛋白（0.5 g / kg / d）训练后补充（n = 8，CT-CrM）。仅CT（n = 8）；或遵循他们惯常的饮食和训练计划的对照（n= 7）。训练包括8周的LL-CT（每周两次，可恢复72小时），包括3组下蹲，硬拉和腿部推举以及4组3RM的训练；IP为20秒，间隔为180秒。指示CT-CrM和CT组的受试者食用2.5 g / kg / d的蛋白质。在基线和研究后分别测量LL-FFM（DXA）和肌肉强度（后蹲1RM和CMJ）。与基线的平均变化通过单向方差分析进行分析。相关的t检验用于成对比较。

结果

统计分析（x±SD [CIs 95％]，p值，Cohen d效应大小）显示CT-CrM的LL-FFM有显着变化（1.4±0.7 kg [0.8-2.1]，p <0.01，0.6）和CT组（0.9±0.5 kg [0.5–1.3]，p = 0.001，0.2）从基线开始，而对照组则无显着变化（0.5±1.1 kg [-0.6–1.5]，p = 0.001，0.2）。后蹲1RM在CT-CrM（24.0±9.5 kg [15.2–32.8]，p = 0.014、1.5）和CT（14.5±12.3 kg [4.2–24.8]，p = 0.012，0.8）方面有所改善，但在对照中没有改善（7.3 ±9.8千克[-2.9–17.6]，p = 0.124，0.5）。CMJ在CT-CrM（1.8±1.5 kg [0.4–3.2]，p = 0.002，1.0）和CT（0.9±0.5 kg [0.5–1.3]，p = 0.031，0.5）方面有所改善，但在对照组（0.1±3.1）中没有改善千克[-2.9–3.0]，p = 0.948，0.0）。事后分析显示，CT-CrM与对照组之间的LL-FFM倾向于更大（p = 0.074），而下蹲则有显着差异（p = 0.037）。

结论

该初步研究表明，CT-CrM和CT在LL-FFM和CMJ中产生相似的增加。但是，有一些证据表明，与对照相比，CT-CrM促进了LL-FFM的更大适应性和深蹲1RM强度。未来的研究应检查补充CrM是否能增强CT。

致谢 – Diego A. Bonilla担任MTXCorporation®（欧洲）的科学产品经理。Brad J. Schoenfeld是Dymatize Nutrition Corporation的科学顾问委员会成员。这项研究得到了马拉加大学（安达卢西亚技术国际卓越校园）和MTX公司（欧洲西班牙）的支持。

萨尔瓦多·巴尔加斯^1,2，拉蒙·罗曼斯¹，布拉德·J·斯科恩菲尔德³，曼努埃尔·加西亚²，豪尔赫·佩特罗⁴，迭戈·A·博尼利亚⁵，理查德·B·克雷德，FISSN ⁶，费尔南多·马丁⁷，哈维尔·贝尼特斯·波尔雷斯¹

¹马拉加大学人体动力学和身体成分实验室，西班牙马拉加29010；² EADE-威尔士三一大学圣大卫分校，西班牙马拉加29017；³美国纽约市立大学雷曼分校卫生科学系，美国纽约州10468；⁴科尔多瓦大学体育活动，体育与健康科学研究小组，哥伦比亚蒙特雷亚230002；⁵巴斯克地区大学科学技术学院遗传学系（UPV / EHU），西班牙Leioa 48940；⁶德州农工大学人类临床研究设施运动与运动营养实验室，美国学院站77843；西班牙瓦伦西亚大学瓦伦西亚大学⁷运动与健康研究室

通讯：萨尔瓦多·巴尔加斯（salvadorvargasmolina@gmail.com）

背景

这项研究的目的是研究由三种不同的组内训练（PIntra）和重复块（BK）组成的三种集群训练（CT）方案对维持高蛋白饮食的个体的力量，力量和身体成分的影响（ 〜2.5 g·kg ^-1 ·d ^-1）。

材料和方法

二十九名经过抵抗训练的男性（26.9±8岁; 176.2±8.4 cm; 75.5±9.7 kg; 24.2±2.0 kg∙m ^-2）随机分为PIntra 20 s和BK 3 RM（n = 8，CL1），PIntra 40 s和BK 3 RM（n = 7，CL2），PIntra 20 s和BK 6 RM（n = 7，CL3）或对照组（n = 7，CG）。所有参与者每周对下肢进行两次抗性训练（RT），两次之间可恢复72小时。对除对照组以外的所有小组进行了监督培训。为参与者提供2周的熟悉期，然后进行8周的规定学习方案。对照组遵循他们的习惯性营养和培训计划。使用线性编码器分别通过DXA，CMJ和后蹲1RM（SQ）评估下肢（LL）的无脂肪质量（FFM），肌肉力量和力量。通过重复测量的GLM分析数据。

结果

GLM分析显示了显着的时间影响。均值变化分析显示LL-FFM无统计学差异；然而，在CL1中观察到最大变化（x±SD，ICs为95％； p值）（0.9±0.5kg，0.5-1.3； p ＝ 0.001）。CL2（0.6±0.5 kg，0.2-1.1; p = 0.01）和CL3（0.6±0.4 kg，0.2-1.0; p = 0.01）的变化也显着大于基线。CG组的LL-FFM变化不显着（0.4±1.1 kg，0.6-1.5; p = 0.32）。在强度方面，CL1组在SQ中与基线相比变化最大（14.5±12.3 kg，4.2-24.8； p = 0.01），影响大小较大（0.8）。CL2和CL3的SQ的变化很明显（分别为10.1±4.3 kg，6.1-14.0; p = 0.001和9.5±4.9 kg，5.0-14.0; 0.002），效应大小中等（分别为0.6和0.5） ）; 然而，在CON中没有显着变化（9.0±9.0 kg，-0.4-18.5；p = 0.06）。关于肌肉力量，在任何组中均未发现CMJ与基线的统计学差异，我们也未观察到组间相互作用。

结论

在CT方案中使用约20 s的PIntra，并在LL的多个关节练习中使用3个RM阻滞，维持高蛋白饮食的抵抗训练的男性可以实现显着的肌肉适应。较长的休息时间不会带来其他好处。从实际的角度来看，该发现表明〜20 s的PIntra可以实现更高的效率。

致谢：这项研究得到了马拉加大学（安达卢西亚技术国际卓越校园）的支持。

R. Sowinski，T。Grubic，R。Dalton，J。Schlaffer，AG。雷耶斯（Reyes），詹金斯（V.Jenkins），威廉姆森（S.Williamson），拉斯穆森（C.Rasmussen），穆拉诺（P.Murano），格林伍德（M.Greenwood），FISSN，CP Earnest，FISSN和RB Kreider，FISSN

美国德克萨斯州大学城德州农工大学运动与运动营养实验室

通讯： RB Kreider（rbkreider@tamu.edu）

背景

来自非洲的研究报告称，补充Dichrostachys glomerata（DG）（200 – 400 mg / d）可以显着减少肥胖个体的体重和脂肪，而无需运动或饮食干预。这项研究调查了在没有运动或饮食调整的情况下，添加或不含咖啡因的减肥补充剂中添加DG是否能促进体重和脂肪减少。

材料和方法

在一项双盲，平行，分层的随机安慰剂对照试验中；68名男性（n = 31）和女性（n = 37），（37±5岁； 88.9±16.6千克； BMI 25.0-34.9 kg / m ²; 脂肪35.2±7.7％; 活动6,857±1,512步/周）用安慰剂（PLA，6 g葡萄糖），含有DG（300mg / d），Silventil®（250mg / d; Ashwaganda / Withania somnifera）， Bioperine（5mg / d），Capsimax®（50mg / d; 4％辣椒素），玫瑰红景天提取物（60mg / d），L-茶氨酸（100mg / d），Clubmoss提取物（CE）（5mg / d; 1％石杉碱） ），Bacopa monneri提取物（50mg / d）[WL]或DG（300mg / d），CE（10mg / d），XR咖啡因（150mg / d； 77％咖啡因），无水咖啡因（250mg / d； 98.5 ％），Sensoril®（125mg / d），Capsimax®（50mg / d）[WL + C]。DEXA身体成分测量值是在基线，补充4、8和12周后获得的。使用单变量和多变量通用线性模型分析对数据进行分析，并进行重复测量，并以95％的置信区间（CI）从基线开始平均变动。

结果

观察到整体的威尔克斯Lambda时间（p = 0.07）和性别（p <0.01）对身体成分的影响。在第4周和第8周第8周和第8周，分析了具有95％CI的基线变化，表明脂肪量显着下降（WL -0.56±0.95 [-1.02，-0.14]，WL -0.63±1.47 [-1.23，-0.02] kg） ， 分别。wk8和wk12的体脂也分别下降（WL -0.63±1.26 [-1.16，-0.10]，WL -0.78±1.31 [-1.45，0.07]％）。

结论：

使用目前的剂量（300mg / 1x / d）显示，补充含DG的减肥配方和GLM后，各组之间在身体成分测量方面无显着差异。添加咖啡因并没有改变结果。补充剂组显示出最初的轻度体重减轻以及FM和BF％降低，这表明对男性的影响更大。需要进行进一步的研究以确定有效剂量，并与饮食和/或运动计划搭配以进行潜在的减肥效果评估。

致谢

这项研究得到了得克萨斯州农工大学的无限制资助，由得克萨斯州布赖恩市的Nutrabolt提供支持。

V.Jenkins，R.Sowinski，T.Grubic，R.Dalton，J.Schlaffer，AG。Reyes，S。Williamson，C.Rasmussen，P.Murano，M.Greenwood，CP。认真，和RB。克雷德

美国德克萨斯州大学城德州农工大学运动与运动营养实验室

通讯： RB。克雷德（rbkreider@tamu.edu）

背景

来自非洲的研究报告称，补充Dichrostachys glomerata（DG）（200 – 400 mg / d）可以显着减少肥胖个体的体重和脂肪流失，而无需运动或饮食干预。这项研究调查了在没有运动或饮食调整的超重个体中，添加或不含咖啡因的减肥补充品中添加DG是否会影响静息能量消耗（REE）。

材料和方法

在一项双盲，平行，分层的随机安慰剂对照试验中；68名男性（n = 31）和女性（n = 37），（37±5岁； 88.9±16.6千克； BMI 25.0-34.9 kg / m ²; 脂肪35.2±7.7％; 活动6,857±1,512步/周）用安慰剂（PLA，6 g葡萄糖），含有DG（300mg / d），Silventil®（250mg / d; Ashwaganda / Withania somnifera）， Bioperine（5mg / d），Capsimax®（50mg / d; 4％辣椒素），玫瑰红景天提取物（60mg / d），L-茶氨酸（100mg / d），Clubmoss提取物（CE）（5mg / d; 1％石杉碱） ），Bacopa monneri提取物（50mg / d）[WL]或DG（300mg / d），CE（10mg / d），XR咖啡因（150mg / d； 77％咖啡因），无水咖啡因（250mg / d； 98.5 ％），（125mg / d），（50mg / d）[WL + C]。REE测量是在基线，补充4、8和12周后获得的。在第4周，第8周，第8周和第8周后，使用单变量和多变量通用线性模型分析对数据进行重复测量，并以95％置信区间（CI）从基线的平均变化进行分析。

结果

观察到时间（p <0.01），组x时间（p = 0.04）和性别（p <0.01）对REE值的总体影响。REE分别在第4周，第8周和第12周从基线显着增加（PLA 162±277 [68，266]，PLA 135±310 [31，248]，WL + C 111±220 [10，207] kcal / d）。 。在wk4，wk8和wk12时，REE / kg也增加（PLA 1.84±2.65 [0.84，2.88]，PLA 1.38±2.75 [0.34，2.49]，WL + C 1.57±2.37 [0.5，2.6] kcal / kg / d） ， 分别。

结论

使用目前的剂量（300mg / 1x / d），使用GLM补充含DG的减肥配方后，各组之间在REE措施方面无显着差异。添加咖啡因并没有改变结果。补充剂组显示REE的增加（千卡/天和千卡/公斤/天）集中在wk8和wk12周围，女性似乎更多。但是，这些变化与PLA中看到的变化没有什么不同。需要进行进一步的研究以确定有效剂量，并与饮食和/或运动计划配合使用，以进行潜在的代谢辅助功能评估。

致谢

这项研究得到了得克萨斯州农工大学的无限制资助，由得克萨斯州布赖恩市的Nutrabolt提供支持。

Susan Hewlings，道格拉斯·卡尔曼

Nutrasource。加拿大安大略省圭尔夫

通讯：道格拉斯·卡尔曼（dkalman@nutrasource.ca）

背景

在美国各州，出于医疗和娱乐目的使大麻合法化的行为与大麻和大麻成分（例如，大麻二酚（CBD））成为食品，饮料和膳食补充剂产品供应的一部分有关。尽管进行了审查，但目前在联邦一级将大麻或其任何衍生物包括在食品，饮料或膳食补充剂中是不合法的。但是，2018年《美国农业法案》的颁布使大麻衍生的CBD合法化，只要其含量不超过0.3％的四氢大麻酚（THC）。但是，这并不意味着可以将CBD添加到上述产品中。令公众更加困惑的是，尽管《生物多样性公约》在联邦法律上是合法的，但并非所有州都遵循联邦法律。市场上销售的CBD产品用途广泛，从缓解疼痛到改善睡眠，再到增强认知能力。许多产品针对运动和运动营养市场。这篇简短评论的目的是研究广告，法规和出版的科学，这些科学可以证实关于在运动营养产品中使用CBD的主张。

材料和方法

使用关键术语进行数据库搜索。

结果

使用Google和搜索词“ CBD运动营养”，包括从文章到产品的15400万响应。使用搜索词“大麻素运动营养”显示了778,000则响应，从文章到产品不等。使用Pubmed.gov中的搜索词“大麻素运动营养”，发现了2篇关于该主题的文章，没有一篇应用实验研究设计。有趣的是，一项分析研究确实发现，膳食补充剂甲氧基异黄酮及其代谢物可在针对大麻素的尿液免疫分析筛选试验中引起假阳性结果，这对经过药物测试的运动员可能很重要。对Clinicaltrials.gov的搜索显示，有228项与CBD或大麻素有关的研究与药代动力学或疾病潜在的相关用途有关。228个研究中只有6个在利用健康受试者。

结论

有充分的证据表明，市场上销售的产品不符合法规要求，并且更以运动营养为中心，有数十种以CBD为中心的市场销售的运动营养产品，但是似乎没有零的实际科学直接证据来支持这些产品和主张。目前的目标人口。显然，需要对适用于运动营养的CBD安全性和有效性进行研究。

Jaymes Longstrom，Lauren Colenso-Semple，Eric T.Trexler，Brian Waddell，Sarah Ford，Kait Callahan，Tu Nguyen，Bill I.Campbell

美国佛罗里达州坦帕市南佛罗里达大学性能与体质增强实验室

通讯：比尔·坎贝尔（bcampbell@usf.edu）

背景

这项研究的目的是调查比赛后自然体质运动运动员发生的生理变化。

材料和方法

参加者包括三名男性（34.3±6.8岁，181.6±8.9 cm）和四名女性（29.3±4.9岁，161.4±6.0 cm）自然体格运动员。在比赛前1周评估身体成分（脂肪质量[FM]和无脂肪质量[FFM]；皮肤皱纹）和静息代谢率（RMR；间接量热法），然后在比赛后4周和8-10周进行评估。在比赛前1周和比赛后8-10周评估血激素（游离三碘甲状腺素（T3），游离甲状腺素（T4）和瘦素）。禁食8小时后进行所有评估。在研究期间，参与者每天跟踪大量营养素的摄入。通过α-0.05显着性水平的单尾Wilcoxon-Pratt Signed-Rank检验和Kendall秩相关检验对数据进行分析。

结果

在组水平上，观察到体重，FM，体脂％，RMR和血液激素（T3，T4和瘦素）显着（p <0.05）增加。无脂肪量增加到不明显的程度，但是观察到趋势（p = 0.055）。观察到的变化在受试者之间变化很大。表1中列出了每个参与者的关键变量的原始值。体重的百分比变化（％△）与△ RMR（tau（τ）= 0.62; p = 0.03）和△瘦素（τ= 0.59; p = 0.03）。△ FM％与△ RMR（τ= 0.90; p = 0.001）和△瘦素（τ= 0.68; p = 0.02）相关。△体脂％与△瘦素有关（τ＝ 0.88； p ＝ 0.003）。△瘦素与△ RMR相关（τ= 0.59; p = 0.03）。

结论

据我们所知，这是第一个病例系列，研究与自然体质运动员比赛后体重增加有关的生理结果。这项研究的主要观察结果包括肥胖，血激素和RMR的组水平增加。参与者之间的重大差异；与肥胖，瘦素和RMR变化之间的强关联。

全尺寸表

致谢：

激素测试得到BioLayne，LLC和ProPhysique Inc的支持。

Lauren M.Colenso-Semple，Samuel L.Buckner，Jaymes M.Longstrom，Megan Humphries，Wenyuan G.Zhu，Brian Waddell，Noam Yitzchaki，Traci Smith，Eric T.Trexler，Bill I.Campbell

美国佛罗里达州坦帕市南佛罗里达大学性能与体质增强实验室

通讯：比尔·坎贝尔（bcampbell@usf.edu）

背景

皮质醇是在肾上腺皮质中产生的主要糖皮质激素，并且是代谢，免疫功能和对压力的生理反应的关键调节剂。非功能性过度锻炼的特点是无法从长时间的大量运动中恢复过来，这最终会损害性能。这项研究的目的是比较8周大容量或中等容量抵抗训练中年轻健康女性的静息皮质醇水平的变化。

材料和方法

将三十六名接受过阻力训练的妇女（平均年龄：SD：年龄：23​​±4岁；身高：63.7±2.5英寸；体重：134±20 lbs）分配为高容量（HV）（n = 17）或中度-体积（MV）（n = 19）实验组。参与者每周进行3次非连续训练，共8周，共进行81次每周一次（HV）或36次每周一次（MV）的下半身运动。每次训练包括5组（HV）或2组（MV）的杠铃蹲，硬腿硬拉和杠铃臀部推力，以及4组（HV）或2组（MV）的膝盖伸展，小腿弯曲和缆绳绑架。目标重复范围指定为6-8（第1天），8-10（第2天）和12-15（第3天）。调整负载以确保每组因故障而重复2次。所有课程均由经过认证的私人教练监督。在基线和最后一次训练后48-72小时评估了唾液皮质醇的静息状态。使用高灵敏度酶免疫分析法（目录号1-3002）测试样品的唾液皮质醇含量。使用ANCOVA对变化得分进行分析，其中组作为预测变量，而测试前值作为协变量以调整基线值。ANCOVA结果以最小均方±标准误差表示。

结果

训练8周后唾液皮质醇下降（HV = -1.3 nmol / L±1.45，MV = -3.2 nmol / L±1.37），两组之间无统计学差异（p = 0.36）。整个样品的总体变化（各组均发生崩溃）为-2.3 nmol / L（-14％），测试前范围为5.6-34.7 nmol / L，测试后范围为4.2-33.2 nmol / L 。

结论

结果表明，在进行了8周的高容量和中等容量的阻力训练后，静息皮质醇的下降也类似。尽管分析未显示组水平上的显着差异，但干预前至干预后皮质醇水平的变化存在明显的个体差异，范围为-23.8至+15.2 nmol / L。

致谢

这项研究是由南佛罗里达大学的教育学院提供的资助。

梅根·汉弗莱斯（Megan Humphries）¹，玛德琳·西德勒（Madelin Siedler），普里西拉·拉玛德（Priscila Lamadrid），莎拉·福特（Sarah Ford），特拉西·史密斯（Till Smith），吉莲·桑菲利波（Gillian SanFilippo），玛丽亚·德拉托雷（Maria De La Torre），布莱恩·瓦德尔（Brian Waddell），本杰明·米勒（Benjamin Miller），诺姆·伊茨查基（Noam Yitzchaki），劳伦·科伦索·西普尔，埃里克·特雷克斯勒（Eric Trexler），塞缪尔·巴克纳（Samuel Buckner），比尔·坎贝尔

美国佛罗里达州坦帕市南佛罗里达大学性能与体质增强实验室

通讯：比尔·坎贝尔（bcampbell@usf.edu）

背景

一些研究报告说，从抵抗训练中恢复性能的速度存在性别差异，表明女性的恢复速度比男性快，因此可以更频繁地进行训练。但是，这种观察对于所测试的锻炼/方式可能是唯一的。这项研究的目的是评估上半身和下半身单关节动态运动的恢复速度中的性别差异。

材料和方法

29名经过抗性训练的雄性（n = 17）和雌性（n = 12）完成了一项重复措施，随机，平行分组设计，比较了恢复率上的性别差异。该方案包括基线绩效评估，恢复期（4小时，24小时或48小时-顺序是随机分配的）和恢复后绩效评估。基线和恢复后的评估是相同的，包括四组，每组10次最大重复（RM）肱二头肌弯曲，四组10RM膝盖伸展至失败，每组之间休息90秒。“恢复”定义为恢复后回合中完成的总重复次数，以基线重复的百分比表示。使用一系列一般线性模型在α= 0.05的显着性水平下分析数据，并表示为平均值±标准偏差。

结果

Bicep Curl：时间×性别互动（p = 0.75），时间的主要影响（p = 0.11）和性别的主要影响（p = 0.59）均未达到统计学意义。具体而言，性能恢复在4小时时为99.8±7.7％，在24小时时为94.2±8.0％，在48小时时为100±8.1％。腿部伸展：时间×性别交互作用（p = 0.30）和性别的主要影响（p = 0.86）在统计学上不显着。观察到时间主要影响的趋势（p = 0.06），在4小时时间点观察到最低值（4小时时为98.1±13.4％，24小时时为105.6±13.5％，24小时时为101.7±10.4％） 48小时）。探索性模型（包括关键人口统计学和身体组成变量作为协变量）产生了相似的结果。表1概述了男性和女性每个康复期的数据。

结论

两种运动的性能恢复率在男性和女性中相似，这表明性别并不决定单关节动态阻力运动的恢复率。

这些发现可能不适用于多关节练习和/或需要更高技术技能的练习。未来的研究应在单个样本中研究从各种练习中恢复的表现速度。

全尺寸表

Kyle R Cesareo ¹，Betsy J Raub ¹，Jennifer E Sandrock ¹，Chad M Kerksick ²，Hector L Lopez ¹，Tim N Ziegenfuss ¹

¹美国应用医学科学中心，坎菲尔德，美国俄亥俄州44406；²林登伍德大学健康科学学院运动与行为营养实验室，密苏里州圣查尔斯

通讯： Tim N Ziegenfuss（TZ@appliedhealthsciences.org）

背景

茶碱（1,3,7,9-四甲基尿酸）是一种天然存在的嘌呤生物碱，存在于某些茶，咖啡，和调节大脑葡萄糖代谢，抑制磷酸二酯酶并显示出抗腺苷能，多巴胺能，抗炎和镇痛特性的植物来源。先前的研究表明，精力充沛，疲劳减轻以及对提高专注力，注意力和动力的强大影响。有限的研究已经检查了茶碱+咖啡因对持续认知能力的潜在加性作用。这项研究的目的是使用经过验证的客观认知功能测量和各种神经运动/认知质量的主观，定性指标，比较咖啡因与咖啡因+TeaCrine®摄入期间的认知表现。

材料和方法

使用随机，双盲，受试者内部（交叉）设计，完成了8位男性和4位女性（平均±SD年龄，身高，体重：21.9±2.6岁，174.2±4.4厘米，76.5±7.0千克）完成了三项平衡试验：300毫克咖啡因（CAF），安慰剂（PLA），和300mg咖啡因+ 62.5毫克Teacrine ®（COMBO）。在（基线）摄入各自补充剂之前，60和180分钟之前，所有受试者均完成了5次连续的STROOP测试（5x45秒，其中60秒休息），以评估执行功能，认知灵活性，精神敏锐度，选择性注意和处理速度，以及视觉模拟量表（VAS），用于在每小时（即摄入后60、120、180和240分钟）的每小时感知的精力，情绪，注意力，注意力和动力。数据通过方差分析进行t检验（p <0.05）和效果大小（ES）。

结果

在COMBO期间，有11/12（92％）的受试者的STROOP总得分得分> 60，而在CAF期间则是2/12（17％）（p <0.01）。与180分钟时的CAF（+0.83±4.1，p = 0.031）相比，COMBO（+4.4±3.5）期间注意到的正确STROOP响应数量明显更多。此外，仅在COMBO期间60分钟（0.78±0.11秒）和180分钟（0.77±0.11秒，均p = 0.005）时，STROOP测试期间的每个分数时间才得到显着改善。摄取后240分钟，仅COMBO改善了能量（+6.2±1.9，p = 0.027）和浓度（+6.4±1.5，p = 0.044）的VAS，而COMBO的动机（+1.8±1.3）与CAF（+0.17±2.0，p = 0.045）。

结论

总的来说，这些发现表明，向300毫克咖啡因中添加62.5毫克TeaCrine®可以提高注意力，执行/认知功能和加工速度的益处，并在主观上改善精力，动力和注意力。这些好处在60分钟之内显现出来，并且在3-4小时的数据采集期间不断提高。

致谢

这项研究部分由Compound Solutions，Inc（加利福尼亚州卡尔斯巴德）的研究资助。HLL和TNZ是涉及茶碱（TeaCrine®）用途的知识产权的共同发明人。这项研究的研究人员在没有Compound Solutions，Inc.投入的情况下独立收集，分析和解释了结果。所有其他作者宣称没有利益冲突。

Hector L Lopez ¹，Tim N Ziegenfuss ¹，Kyle R Cesareo ¹，Betsy J Raub ¹，Jennifer E Sandrock ¹，Chad M Kerksick ²

¹美国应用医学科学中心，坎菲尔德，美国俄亥俄州44406；²林登伍德大学健康科学学院运动与行为营养实验室，密苏里州圣查尔斯

通讯： Hector L Lopez（hlopezmd@gmail.com）

背景

内源性大麻素系统（ECS）是一个主要的内源性稳态系统，包括1）基于脂质的信号传导化合物（内源性大麻素配体），​​2）在人体大多数组织中发现的专门的大麻素受体和3）调节内源性配体的生物合成和分解代谢酶。通过直接和间接作用，内源性大麻素调节并影响多种生理系统，包括疼痛，炎症，体温调节，食欲，能量平衡，肌肉控制/协调，睡眠健康，压力反应，动机，情绪和记忆。大麻品种繁多具有复杂植物化学特征的L.栽培品种，含有萜酚酚类大麻素和400+种成分，这些成分通过其化学和遗传特征得以区分。大麻通常被表征为苜蓿中华稻的一个品种，其主要的大麻素是大麻二酚（CBD），以干重计算时，其delta-9四氢大麻酚（THC）的含量相对较低。在本文中，我们报告了通过补充含有大麻气生部分超临界CO ₂提取物的CBD来获得的睡眠，食欲，生活质量和安全性生物标志物的心理指标。

材料和方法

采用随机，安慰剂对照，双盲设计，超重65岁，但健康的男性（n = 32）和女性（n = 33）（平均±SD年龄，BMI：35.2±11.4年，28.5±3.3 kg / m ²）摄入任何大麻油提取物[HEMP，60 mg / d PlusCBD Oil ^TM（15毫克大麻衍生的CBD）]或安慰剂（PLA），每天晚餐前六周。受试者遵循正常饮食和低强度的体育锻炼（每周5天进行30分钟的步行运动）。结果变量包括压力恢复力的变化，各种心理测量参数的14个项目组，心率变异性（LF，HF，LF / HF比，rMSSD），血浆嗜铬粒蛋白A，身体成分（瘦体重，脂肪质量，骨矿物质）含量，补充六周之前和之后的健康状况（心率，血压以及全面的血清和血浆临床化学指标）的含量，通过DEXA产生的增值税脂肪。通过方差分析，t检验（p < 0.05）和效应大小（ES）分析数据。

结果

初步分析显示，食欲显着下降（-6.2％，p = 0.04，ES = 0.22），睡眠质量得到改善（+ 22.0％，p = 0.009，ES = 0.54），睡眠量（+ 21.3％，p = 0.02， ES = 0.58）和仅HEMP的生活乐趣（+ 12.5％，p = 0.006，ES = 0.46）。肝肾功能的所有值（AST，ALT，BUN，肌酐，总胆红素，碱性磷酸酶），心血管健康（心率，血压），空腹血脂（胆固醇，甘油三酸酯，HDL，LDL）全血细胞计数（血红蛋白，血细胞比容，RBC，MCV，MCH，MCHC，RDW，差异性白细胞计数）仍在正常的临床范围内，并且未发现组间随时间的差异。

结论

总的来说，这些在健康受试者中的开创性发现表明，补充HEMP PlusCBD Oil ^TM六周可以改善睡眠稳态的指标，减少食欲并提高生活质量。正在进行的和将来的分析将检查压力适应力，自主神经系统功能，身体成分，炎性细胞因子，脂肪因子以及靶向基因表达/转录组（NFkB，NLRP3，UCP，PGC1a）等的变化。

致谢

这项研究部分由CV Sciences Inc（内华达州拉斯维加斯）的研究基金资助。HLL和TNZ是CV Sciences咨询委员会的成员。这项研究的研究人员在没有CV Sciences，Inc.投入的情况下独立收集，分析和解释了结果。所有其他作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

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第十六届国际运动营养学会（ISSN）会议和博览会论文集。Ĵ诠释志体育营养学 17， 23（2020）。https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00352-x

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• 发表时间：2020年5月31日

• DOI ：https ：//doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00352-x