Despite a rapidly accumulating evidence base quantifying ecosystem services, the role of biodiversity in the maintenance of ecosystem services in shared human-nature environments is still understudied, as is how indigenous and agriculturally dependent communities perceive, use, and manage biodiversity. The present study aims to document traditional ethnobotanical knowledge of the ecosystem service benefits derived from wild and tended plants in rice-cultivated agroecosystems, compare this to botanical surveys, and analyze the extent to which ecosystem services contribute social-ecological resilience in the Terai Plains of Nepal. Sampling was carried out in four landscapes, 22 Village District Committees, and 40 wards in the monsoon season. Data collection was based on transects walks to collect plant specimens, structured and semi-structured interviews, and participatory fieldwork in and around home gardens, farms, and production landscapes. We asked 180 farmers to free-list vernacular names and describe use-value of wild and tended plants in rice-cultivated agroecosystems. Uses were categorized into eight broad groupings, and 61 biomedical ailment classifications. We assessed if knowledge of plant species diversity and abundance differed with regard to caste, age, and gender. Nepalese farmers have a deep knowledge of the use and management of the 391 vascular plant specimens identified, which provide key provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural ecosystem services. Altogether, plants belong to 76 distinct plant species from 49 phylogenetic families: 56 are used to cure 61 ailments, 27 for rituals, 25 for food, 20 for timber, 17 for fuel, 17 for fodder, 11 for soil enhancement, and eight for pesticides. Four caste groups have statistically different knowledge, and younger informants report a lower average number of useful plants. Agricultural landscapes in Nepal are reservoirs of biodiversity. The knowledge of the use of wild and tended plant species in and around these farms differs by the caste and age group of land manager. Conducting research on agroecosystems will contribute to a deeper understanding of how nature is perceived by locals, to more efficient management and conservation of the breadbasket of Nepal, and to the conservation of valuable, but disappearing traditional knowledge and practice.

中文翻译：

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当地对野生和驯养植物生物多样性的利用维持了尼泊尔特莱平原农业景观的生态系统服务。

尽管量化生态系统服务的证据基础迅速积累，但生物多样性在共享人性环境中维持生态系统服务中的作用仍然没有得到充分研究，土著和依赖农业的社区如何感知、使用和管理生物多样性也是如此。本研究旨在记录水稻种植农业生态系统中野生和驯化植物所带来的生态系统服务效益的传统民族植物学知识，将其与植物学调查进行比较，并分析生态系统服务对特莱平原社会生态复原力的贡献程度。尼泊尔。季风季节在 4 个景观、22 个村区委会和 40 个区进行了采样。数据收集基于横断面行走以收集植物标本、结构化和半结构化访谈以及家庭花园、农场和生产景观及其周围的参与式实地考察。我们要求 180 名农民自由列出乡土名称，并描述水稻种植的农业生态系统中野生和驯化植物的使用价值。用途分为 8 个大类和 61 种生物医学疾病分类。我们评估了对植物物种多样性和丰度的了解是否因种姓、年龄和性别而异。尼泊尔农民对已确定的 391 种维管植物标本的使用和管理有着深入的了解，这些植物标本提供了关键的供应、调节、支持和文化生态系统服务。植物总共属于 49 个系统发育科的 76 种不同植物物种：56 种用于治疗 61 种疾病，27 种用于仪式，25 种用于食物，20 种用于木材，17 种用于燃料，17 种用于饲料，11 种用于土壤改良，8 种用于土壤改良。杀虫剂。四个种姓群体拥有统计上不同的知识，年轻的受访者报告的有用植物的平均数量较低。尼泊尔的农业景观是生物多样性的宝库。土地管理者的种姓和年龄组对这些农场及其周围野生和驯养植物物种的使用的了解有所不同。对农业生态系统进行研究将有助于更深入地了解当地人如何看待自然，更有效地管理和保护尼泊尔的粮仓，以及保护有价值但正在消失的传统知识和实践。